1β[και]G2532{CONJ} τσκαιG2532{CONJ} μεταG3326{PREP} ταυταG5023{D-APN} ειδονG1492{V-2AAI-1S} αβσαλλονG243{A-ASM} αγγελονG32{N-ASM} καταβαινονταG2597{V-PAP-ASM} εκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} ουρανουG3772{N-GSM} εχονταG2192{V-PAP-ASM} εξουσιανG1849{N-ASF} μεγαληνG3173{A-ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} ηG3588{T-NSF} γηG1093{N-NSF} εφωτισθηG5461{V-API-3S} εκG1537{PREP} τηςG3588{T-GSF} δοξηςG1391{N-GSF} αυτουG846{P-GSM} 2καιG2532{CONJ} εκραξενG2896{V-AAI-3S} β[εν]G1722{PREP} ατσενG1722{PREP} αβισχυραG2478{A-DSF} τσισχυιG2479{N-DSF} φωνηG5456{N-DSF} τσμεγαληG3173{A-DSF} λεγωνG3004{V-PAP-NSM} β[επεσεν]G4098{V-2AAI-3S} ατσεπεσενG4098{V-2AAI-3S} βεπεσεG4098{V-2AAI-3S} ατσεπεσενG4098{V-2AAI-3S} βαβυλωνG897{N-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} μεγαληG3173{A-NSF} καιG2532{CONJ} εγενετοG1096{V-2ADI-3S} κατοικητηριονG2732{N-NSN} αδαιμονιωνG1140{N-GPN} τσβδαιμονωνG1142{N-GPM} καιG2532{CONJ} φυλακηG5438{N-NSF} παντοςG3956{A-GSN} πνευματοςG4151{N-GSN} ακαθαρτουG169{A-GSN} καιG2532{CONJ} φυλακηG5438{N-NSF} παντοςG3956{A-GSN} ορνεουG3732{N-GSN} ακαθαρτουG169{A-GSN} α[καιG2532{CONJ} αφυλακηG5438{N-NSF} απαντοςG3956{A-GSN} αθηριουG2342{N-GSN} αακαθαρτου]G169{A-GSN} καιG2532{CONJ} μεμισημενουG3404{V-RPP-GSN} 3οτιG3754{CONJ} εκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} οινουG3631{N-GSM} τουG3588{T-GSM} θυμουG2372{N-GSM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} πορνειαςG4202{N-GSF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} βπεπτωκασιG4098{V-RAI-3P} απεπωκανG4095{V-RAI-3P} τσπεπωκενG4095{V-RAI-3S} πανταG3956{A-NPN} ταG3588{T-NPN} εθνηG1484{N-NPN} καιG2532{CONJ} οιG3588{T-NPM} βασιλειςG935{N-NPM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} γηςG1093{N-GSF} μετG3326{PREP} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} επορνευσανG4203{V-AAI-3P} καιG2532{CONJ} οιG3588{T-NPM} εμποροιG1713{N-NPM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} γηςG1093{N-GSF} εκG1537{PREP} τηςG3588{T-GSF} δυναμεωςG1411{N-GSF} τουG3588{T-GSN} στρηνουςG4764{N-GSN} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} επλουτησανG4147{V-AAI-3P} 4καιG2532{CONJ} ηκουσαG191{V-AAI-1S} αλληνG243{A-ASF} φωνηνG5456{N-ASF} εκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} ουρανουG3772{N-GSM} λεγουσανG3004{V-PAP-ASF} αεξελθατεG1831{V-AAM-2P} βεξελθεG1831{V-2AAM-2S} τσεξελθετεG1831{V-2AAM-2P} τσβεξG1537{PREP} τσβαυτηςG846{P-GSF} οG3588{T-NSM} λαοςG2992{N-NSM} μουG3450{P-1GS} αεξG1537{PREP} ααυτηςG846{P-GSF} ιναG2443{CONJ} μηG3361{PRT-N} συγκοινωνησητεG4790{V-AAS-2P} ταιςG3588{T-DPF} αμαρτιαιςG266{N-DPF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} καιG2532{CONJ} τσιναG2443{CONJ} τσμηG3361{PRT-N} τσλαβητεG2983{V-2AAS-2P} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPF} πληγωνG4127{N-GPF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} αβιναG2443{CONJ} αβμηG3361{PRT-N} αβλαβητεG2983{V-2AAS-2P} 5οτιG3754{CONJ} αβσεκολληθησανG2853{V-API-3P} τηκολουθησανG190{V-AAI-3P} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} αιG3588{T-NPF} αμαρτιαιG266{N-NPF} αχριG891{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} ουρανουG3772{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} εμνημονευσενG3421{V-AAI-3S} οG3588{T-NSM} θεοςG2316{N-NSM} ταG3588{T-APN} αδικηματαG92{N-APN} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} 6αποδοτεG591{V-2AAM-2P} αυτηG846{P-DSF} ωςG5613{ADV} καιG2532{CONJ} αυτηG846{P-NSF}G3778{D-NSF} απεδωκενG591{V-AAI-3S} β[υμιν]G5213{P-2DP} τσυμινG5213{P-2DP} καιG2532{CONJ} διπλωσατεG1363{V-AAM-2P} αταG3588{T-APN} τσβαυτηG846{P-DSF} διπλαG1362{A-APN} καταG2596{PREP} ταG3588{T-APN} εργαG2041{N-APN} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} ενG1722{PREP} τωG3588{T-DSN} ποτηριωG4221{N-DSN} ωG3739{R-DSN} βεκερασεG2767{V-AAI-3S} ατσεκερασενG2767{V-AAI-3S} κερασατεG2767{V-AAM-2P} αυτηG846{P-DSF} διπλουνG1362{A-ASN} 7οσαG3745{K-APN} εδοξασενG1392{V-AAI-3S} ααυτηνG846{P-ASF} τσβεαυτηνG1438{F-3ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} βεστρηνιασεG4763{V-AAI-3S} ατσεστρηνιασενG4763{V-AAI-3S} τοσουτονG5118{D-ASN} δοτεG1325{V-2AAM-2P} αυτηG846{P-DSF} βασανισμονG929{N-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} πενθοςG3997{N-ASN} οτιG3754{CONJ} ενG1722{PREP} τηG3588{T-DSF} καρδιαG2588{N-DSF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} λεγειG3004{V-PAI-3S} αβοτιG3754{CONJ} καθημαιG2521{V-PNI-1S} βασιλισσαG938{N-NSF} καιG2532{CONJ} χηραG5503{N-NSF} ουκG3756{PRT-N} ειμιG1510{V-PXI-1S} καιG2532{CONJ} πενθοςG3997{N-ASN} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} ιδωG1492{V-2AAS-1S} 8διαG1223{PREP} τουτοG5124{D-ASN} ενG1722{PREP} μιαG1520{A-DSF} ημεραG2250{N-DSF} ηξουσινG2240{V-FAI-3P} αιG3588{T-NPF} πληγαιG4127{N-NPF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} θανατοςG2288{N-NSM} καιG2532{CONJ} πενθοςG3997{N-NSN} καιG2532{CONJ} λιμοςG3042{N-NSM} καιG2532{CONJ} ενG1722{PREP} πυριG4442{N-DSN} κατακαυθησεταιG2618{V-FPI-3S} οτιG3754{CONJ} ισχυροςG2478{A-NSM} κυριοςG2962{N-NSM} οG3588{T-NSM} θεοςG2316{N-NSM} οG3588{T-NSM} αβκριναςG2919{V-AAP-NSM} τσκρινωνG2919{V-PAP-NSM} αυτηνG846{P-ASF} 9καιG2532{CONJ} ακλαυσουσινG2799{V-FAI-3P} βκλαυσουσιG2799{V-FAI-3P} τσκλαυσονταιG2799{V-FDI-3P} τσαυτηνG846{P-ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} κοψονταιG2875{V-FDI-3P} επG1909{PREP} αβαυτηνG846{P-ASF} τσαυτηG846{P-DSF} οιG3588{T-NPM} βασιλειςG935{N-NPM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} γηςG1093{N-GSF} οιG3588{T-NPM} μετG3326{PREP} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} πορνευσαντεςG4203{V-AAP-NPM} καιG2532{CONJ} στρηνιασαντεςG4763{V-AAP-NPM} οτανG3752{CONJ} ββλεπωσιG991{V-PAS-3P} ατσβλεπωσινG991{V-PAS-3P} τονG3588{T-ASM} καπνονG2586{N-ASM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} πυρωσεωςG4451{N-GSF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} 10αποG575{PREP} μακροθενG3113{ADV} εστηκοτεςG2476{V-RAP-NPM} διαG1223{PREP} τονG3588{T-ASM} φοβονG5401{N-ASM} τουG3588{T-GSM} βασανισμουG929{N-GSM} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} λεγοντεςG3004{V-PAP-NPM} ουαιG3759{INJ} ουαιG3759{INJ} ηG3588{T-NSF} πολιςG4172{N-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} μεγαληG3173{A-NSF} βαβυλωνG897{N-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} πολιςG4172{N-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} ισχυραG2478{A-NSF} οτιG3754{CONJ} τσενG1722{PREP} μιαG1520{A-DSF} ωραG5610{N-DSF} ηλθενG2064{V-2AAI-3S} ηG3588{T-NSF} κρισιςG2920{N-NSF} σουG4675{P-2GS} 11καιG2532{CONJ} οιG3588{T-NPM} εμποροιG1713{N-NPM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} γηςG1093{N-GSF} βκλαυσουσιG2799{V-FAI-3P} ατσκλαιουσινG2799{V-PAI-3P} καιG2532{CONJ} βπενθησουσινG3996{V-FAI-3P} ατσπενθουσινG3996{V-PAI-3P} επG1909{PREP} ααυτηνG846{P-ASF} τσβαυτηG846{P-DSF} οτιG3754{CONJ} τονG3588{T-ASM} γομονG1117{N-ASM} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} ουδειςG3762{A-NSM} αγοραζειG59{V-PAI-3S} ουκετιG3765{ADV} 12γομονG1117{N-ASM} χρυσουG5557{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} αργυρουG696{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} λιθουG3037{N-GSM} τιμιουG5093{A-GSF} καιG2532{CONJ} αμαργαριτωνG3135{N-GPM} τσβμαργαριτουG3135{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} αββυσσινουG1039{A-GSN} τσβυσσουG1040{N-GSF} καιG2532{CONJ} βπορφυρουG4210{A-GSN} ατσπορφυραςG4209{N-GSF} καιG2532{CONJ} ασιρικουG4596{A-GSN} τσβσηρικουG4596{A-GSN} καιG2532{CONJ} κοκκινουG2847{A-GSN} καιG2532{CONJ} πανG3956{A-ASN} ξυλονG3586{N-ASN} θυινονG2367{A-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} πανG3956{A-ASN} σκευοςG4632{N-ASN} ελεφαντινονG1661{A-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} πανG3956{A-ASN} σκευοςG4632{N-ASN} εκG1537{PREP} ξυλουG3586{N-GSN} τιμιωτατουG5093{A-GSN-S} καιG2532{CONJ} χαλκουG5475{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} σιδηρουG4604{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} μαρμαρουG3139{N-GSM} 13καιG2532{CONJ} ακινναμωμονG2792{N-ASN} ακαιG2532{CONJ} ααμωμονG299{N-ASN} τσβκιναμωμονG2792{N-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} θυμιαματαG2368{N-APN} καιG2532{CONJ} μυρονG3464{N-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} λιβανονG3030{N-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} οινονG3631{N-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} ελαιονG1637{N-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} σεμιδαλινG4585{N-ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} σιτονG4621{N-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} ατσκτηνηG2934{N-APN} ατσκαιG2532{CONJ} προβαταG4263{N-APN} βκαιG2532{CONJ} βκτηνηG2934{N-APN} καιG2532{CONJ} ιππωνG2462{N-GPM} καιG2532{CONJ} βραιδωνG4480{N-GPF} ατσρεδωνG4480{N-GPF} καιG2532{CONJ} σωματωνG4983{N-GPN} καιG2532{CONJ} ψυχαςG5590{N-APF} ανθρωπωνG444{N-GPM} 14καιG2532{CONJ} ηG3588{T-NSF} οπωραG3703{N-NSF} ασουG4675{P-2GS} τηςG3588{T-GSF} επιθυμιαςG1939{N-GSF} τηςG3588{T-GSF} ψυχηςG5590{N-GSF} τσβσουG4675{P-2GS} απηλθενG565{V-2AAI-3S} αποG575{PREP} σουG4675{P-2GS} καιG2532{CONJ} πανταG3956{A-NPN} ταG3588{T-NPN} λιπαραG3045{A-NPN} καιG2532{CONJ} ταG3588{T-NPN} λαμπραG2986{A-NPN} αβαπωλετοG622{V-2AMI-3S} τσαπηλθενG565{V-2AAI-3S} αποG575{PREP} σουG4675{P-2GS} καιG2532{CONJ} ουκετιG3765{ADV} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} βευρηςG2147{V-2AAS-2S} τσευρησηςG2147{V-AAS-2S} αυταG846{P-APN} αευρησουσινG2147{V-FAI-3P} 15οιG3588{T-NPM} εμποροιG1713{N-NPM} τουτωνG5130{D-GPN} οιG3588{T-NPM} πλουτησαντεςG4147{V-AAP-NPM} απG575{PREP} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} αποG575{PREP} μακροθενG3113{ADV} στησονταιG2476{V-FDI-3P} διαG1223{PREP} τονG3588{T-ASM} φοβονG5401{N-ASM} τουG3588{T-GSM} βασανισμουG929{N-GSM} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} κλαιοντεςG2799{V-PAP-NPM} καιG2532{CONJ} πενθουντεςG3996{V-PAP-NPM} 16τσβκαιG2532{CONJ} λεγοντεςG3004{V-PAP-NPM} ουαιG3759{INJ} ουαιG3759{INJ} ηG3588{T-NSF} πολιςG4172{N-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} μεγαληG3173{A-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} περιβεβλημενηG4016{V-RPP-NSF} βυσσινονG1039{A-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} πορφυρουνG4210{A-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} κοκκινονG2847{A-ASN} καιG2532{CONJ} κεχρυσωμενηG5558{V-RPP-NSF} α[εν]G1722{PREP} αβχρυσιωG5553{N-DSN} τσενG1722{PREP} τσχρυσωG5557{N-DSM} καιG2532{CONJ} λιθωG3037{N-DSM} τιμιωG5093{A-DSM} καιG2532{CONJ} αμαργαριτηG3135{N-DSM} τσβμαργαριταιςG3135{N-DPM} 17οτιG3754{CONJ} μιαG1520{A-DSF} ωραG5610{N-DSF} ηρημωθηG2049{V-API-3S} οG3588{T-NSM} τοσουτοςG5118{D-NSM} πλουτοςG4149{N-NSM} καιG2532{CONJ} παςG3956{A-NSM} κυβερνητηςG2942{N-NSM} καιG2532{CONJ} παςG3956{A-NSM} τσεπιG1909{PREP} τστωνG3588{T-GPN} τσπλοιωνG4143{N-GPN} οG3588{T-NSM} αβεπιG1909{PREP} αβτοπονG5117{N-ASM} αβπλεωνG4126{V-PAP-NSM} τσομιλοςG3658{N-NSM} καιG2532{CONJ} ναυταιG3492{N-NPM} καιG2532{CONJ} οσοιG3745{K-NPM} τηνG3588{T-ASF} θαλασσανG2281{N-ASF} εργαζονταιG2038{V-PNI-3P} αποG575{PREP} μακροθενG3113{ADV} εστησανG2476{V-2AAI-3P} 18καιG2532{CONJ} εκραζονG2896{V-IAI-3P} αββλεποντεςG991{V-PAP-NPM} τσορωντεςG3708{V-PAP-NPM} τονG3588{T-ASM} καπνονG2586{N-ASM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} πυρωσεωςG4451{N-GSF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} λεγοντεςG3004{V-PAP-NPM} τιςG5101{I-NSF} ομοιαG3664{A-NSF} τηG3588{T-DSF} πολειG4172{N-DSF} τηG3588{T-DSF} μεγαληG3173{A-DSF} 19καιG2532{CONJ} εβαλονG906{V-2AAI-3P} χουνG5522{N-ASM} επιG1909{PREP} ταςG3588{T-APF} κεφαλαςG2776{N-APF} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} καιG2532{CONJ} εκραζονG2896{V-IAI-3P} κλαιοντεςG2799{V-PAP-NPM} καιG2532{CONJ} πενθουντεςG3996{V-PAP-NPM} βκαιG2532{CONJ} λεγοντεςG3004{V-PAP-NPM} ουαιG3759{INJ} ουαιG3759{INJ} ηG3588{T-NSF} πολιςG4172{N-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} μεγαληG3173{A-NSF} ενG1722{PREP} ηG3739{R-DSF} επλουτησανG4147{V-AAI-3P} παντεςG3956{A-NPM} οιG3588{T-NPM} εχοντεςG2192{V-PAP-NPM} αβταG3588{T-APN} πλοιαG4143{N-APN} ενG1722{PREP} τηG3588{T-DSF} θαλασσηG2281{N-DSF} εκG1537{PREP} τηςG3588{T-GSF} τιμιοτητοςG5094{N-GSF} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} οτιG3754{CONJ} μιαG1520{A-DSF} ωραG5610{N-DSF} ηρημωθηG2049{V-API-3S} 20ευφραινουG2165{V-PPM-2S} επG1909{PREP} αβαυτηG846{P-DSF} τσαυτηνG846{P-ASF} ουρανεG3772{N-VSM} καιG2532{CONJ} οιG3588{T-NPM} αγιοιG40{A-NPM} αβκαιG2532{CONJ} αβοιG3588{T-NPM} αποστολοιG652{N-NPM} καιG2532{CONJ} οιG3588{T-NPM} προφηταιG4396{N-NPM} οτιG3754{CONJ} εκρινενG2919{V-AAI-3S} οG3588{T-NSM} θεοςG2316{N-NSM} τοG3588{T-ASN} κριμαG2917{N-ASN} υμωνG5216{P-2GP} εξG1537{PREP} αυτηςG846{P-GSF} 21καιG2532{CONJ} ηρενG142{V-AAI-3S} ειςG1520{A-NSM} αγγελοςG32{N-NSM} ισχυροςG2478{A-NSM} λιθονG3037{N-ASM} ωςG5613{ADV} αμυλινονG3458{A-ASM} τσβμυλονG3458{N-ASM} μεγανG3173{A-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} εβαλενG906{V-2AAI-3S} ειςG1519{PREP} τηνG3588{T-ASF} θαλασσανG2281{N-ASF} λεγωνG3004{V-PAP-NSM} ουτωςG3779{ADV} ορμηματιG3731{N-DSN} βληθησεταιG906{V-FPI-3S} βαβυλωνG897{N-NSF} ηG3588{T-NSF} μεγαληG3173{A-NSF} πολιςG4172{N-NSF} καιG2532{CONJ} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} ευρεθηG2147{V-APS-3S} ετιG2089{ADV} 22καιG2532{CONJ} φωνηG5456{N-NSF} κιθαρωδωνG2790{N-GPM} καιG2532{CONJ} μουσικωνG3451{A-GPM} καιG2532{CONJ} αυλητωνG834{N-GPM} καιG2532{CONJ} σαλπιστωνG4538{N-GPM} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} ακουσθηG191{V-APS-3S} ενG1722{PREP} σοιG4671{P-2DS} ετιG2089{ADV} καιG2532{CONJ} παςG3956{A-NSM} τεχνιτηςG5079{N-NSM} πασηςG3956{A-GSF} τεχνηςG5078{N-GSF} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} ευρεθηG2147{V-APS-3S} ενG1722{PREP} σοιG4671{P-2DS} ετιG2089{ADV} καιG2532{CONJ} φωνηG5456{N-NSF} μυλουG3458{N-GSM} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} ακουσθηG191{V-APS-3S} ενG1722{PREP} σοιG4671{P-2DS} ετιG2089{ADV} 23καιG2532{CONJ} φωςG5457{N-NSN} λυχνουG3088{N-GSM} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} φανηG5316{V-2APS-3S} ενG1722{PREP} σοιG4671{P-2DS} ετιG2089{ADV} καιG2532{CONJ} φωνηG5456{N-NSF} νυμφιουG3566{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} νυμφηςG3565{N-GSF} ουG3756{PRT-N} μηG3361{PRT-N} ακουσθηG191{V-APS-3S} 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Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 BABYLON'S FALL: GOD'S PEOPLE CALLED OUT OF HER: THE KINGS AND MERCHANTS OF THE EARTH MOURN, WHILE THE SAINTS REJOICE AT HER FALL. (Rev. 18:1-24)
And--so Vulgate and ANDREAS. But A, B, Syriac, and Coptic omit "And."
power--Greek, "authority."
lightened--"illumined."
with--Greek, "owing to."
2 mightily . . . strong--not supported by manuscripts. But A, B, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic read, "with (literally, 'in') a mighty voice."
is fallen, is fallen--so A, Vulgate, Syriac, and ANDREAS. But B and Coptic omit the second "is fallen" (
Isa 21:9;
Jer 51:8). This phrase is here prophetical of her fall, still future, as
Rev 18:4 proves.
devils--Greek, "demons."
the hold--a keep or prison.
3 drunk--
Rev 14:8, from which perhaps "the wine" may have been interpolated. They have drunk of her fornication, the consequence of which will be wrath to themselves. But A, B, and C read, "(owing to the wrath of her fornication all nations) have fallen." Vulgate and most versions read as English Version, which may be the right reading though not supported by the oldest manuscripts. Babylon, the whore, is destroyed before the beast slays the two witnesses (
Rev 11:7), and then the beast himself is destroyed.
the wine--so B, Syriac, and Coptic. But A, C, and Vulgate omit.
abundance--literally, "power."
delicacies--Greek, "luxury." See on
1Tim 5:11, where the Greek verb "wax wanton" is akin to the noun here. Translate, "wanton luxury." The reference is not to earthly merchandise, but to spiritual wares, indulgences, idolatries, superstitions, worldly compromises, wherewith the harlot, that is, the apostate Church, has made merchandise of men. This applies especially to Rome; but the Greek, and even in a less degree Protestant churches, are not guiltless. However, the principle of evangelical Protestantism is pure, but the principle of Rome and the Greek church is not so.
4 Come out of her, my people--quoted from
Jer 50:8;
Jer 51:6,
Jer 51:45. Even in the Romish Church God has a people: but they are in great danger; their only safety is in coming out of her at once. So also in every apostate or world-conforming church there are some of God's invisible and true Church, who, if they would be safe, must come out. Especially at the eve of God's judgment on apostate Christendom: as Lot was warned to come out of Sodom just before its destruction, and Israel to come from about the tents of Dathan and Abiram. So the first Christians came out of Jerusalem when the apostate Jewish Church was judged. "State and Church are precious gifts of God. But the State being desecrated to a different end from what God designed it, namely. to govern for, and as under, God, becomes beast-like; the Church apostatizing becomes the harlot. The true woman is the kernel: beast and harlot are the shell: whenever the kernel is mature, the shell is thrown away" [AUBERLEN]. "The harlot is not Rome alone (though she is pre-eminently so), but every Church that has not Christ's mind and spirit. False Christendom, divided into very many sects, is truly Babylon, that is, confusion. However, in all Christendom the true Jesus-congregation, the woman clothed with the sun, lives and is hidden. Corrupt, lifeless Christendom is the harlot, whose great aim is the pleasure of the flesh, and which is governed by the spirit of nature and the world" [HAHN in AUBERLEN]. The first justification of the woman is in her being called out of Babylon the harlot, as the culminating stage of the latter's sin, when judgment is about to fall: for apostate Christendom, Babylon, is not to be converted, but to be destroyed. Secondly, she has to pass through an ordeal of persecution from the beast, which purifies and prepares her for the transfiguration glory at Christ's coming (
Rev 20:4;
Luke 21:28).
be not partakers--Greek, "have no fellowship with her sins."
that ye receive not of her plagues--as Lot's wife, by lingering too near the polluted and doomed city.
5 her sins--as a great heap.
reached--Greek, "reached so far as to come into close contact with, and to cleave unto."
6 Addressed to the executioners of God's wrath.
Reward--Greek, "repay."
she rewarded--English Version reading adds "you" with none of the oldest manuscripts. But A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic omit it. She had not rewarded or repaid the world power for some injury which the world power had inflicted on her; but she had given the world power that which was its due, namely, spiritual delusions, because it did not like to retain God in its knowledge; the unfaithful Church's principle was, "Populus vult decipi, et decipiatur." "The people like to be deceived, and let them be deceived."
double--of sorrow. Contrast with this the double of joy which Jerusalem shall receive for her past suffering (
Isa 61:7;
Zech 9:12); even as she has received double punishment for her sins (
Isa 40:2).
unto her--So Syriac, Coptic, and ANDREAS. A, B, and C omit it.
in the cup-- (
Rev 18:3;
Rev 14:8;
Rev 17:4).
filled--literally "mixed."
fill to her double--of the Lord's cup of wrath.
7 How much--that is in proportion as.
lived deliciously--luxuriously: see on
Rev 18:3, where the Greek is akin.
sorrow--Greek, "mourning," as for a dead husband.
I sit--so Vulgate. But A, B, and C prefix "that."
I . . . am no widow--for the world power is my husband and my supporter.
shall see no sorrow--Greek, "mourning." "I am seated (this long time) . . . I am no widow . . . I shall see no sorrow," marks her complete unconcerned security as to the past, present, and future [BENGEL]. I shall never have to mourn as one bereft of her husband. As Babylon was queen of the East, so Rome has been queen of the West, and is called on Imperial coins "the eternal city." So Papal Rome is called by AMMIAN MARCELLIN [15.7]. "Babylon is a former Rome, and Rome a latter Babylon. Rome is a daughter of Babylon, and by her, as by her mother, God has been pleased to subdue the world under one sway" [AUGUSTINE]. As the Jew's restoration did not take place till Babylon's fall, so R. KIMCHI on Obadiah, writes, "When Rome (Edom) shall be devastated, there shall be redemption to Israel." Romish idolatries have been the great stumbling-blocks to the Jews' acceptance of Christianity.
8 death--on herself, though she thought herself secure even from the death of her husband.
mourning--instead of her feasting.
famine--instead of her luxurious delicacies (
Rev 18:3,
Rev 18:7).
fire--(See on
Rev 17:16). Literal fire may burn the literal city of Rome, which is situated in the midst of volcanic agencies. As the ground was cursed for Adam's sin, and the earth under Noah was sunk beneath the flood, and Sodom was burnt with fire, so may Rome be. But as the harlot is mystical (the whole faithless Church), the burning may be mainly mystical, symbolizing utter destruction and removal. BENGEL is probably right in thinking Rome will once more rise to power. The carnal, faithless, and worldly elements in all churches, Roman, Greek, and Protestant, tend towards one common center, and prepare the way for the last form of the beast, namely, Antichrist. The Pharisees were in the main sound in creed, yet judgment fell on them as on the unsound Sadducees and half-heathenish Samaritans. So faithless and adulterous, carnal, worldly Protestant churches, will not escape for their soundness of creed.
the Lord--so B, C, Syriac, and ANDREAS. But A and Vulgate omit. "Strong" is the meaning of God's Hebrew name, "EL."
judgeth--But A, B, and C read the past tense (Greek, "krinas"), "who hath judged her": the prophetical past for the future: the charge in
Rev 18:4 to God's people to come out of her implies that the judgment was not yet actually executed.
9 lived deliciously--Greek, "luxuriated." The faithless Church, instead of reproving, connived at the self-indulgent luxury of the great men of this world, and sanctioned it by her own practice. Contrast the world's rejoicing over the dead bodies of the two witnesses (
Rev 11:10) who had tormented it by their faithfulness, with its lamentations over the harlot who had made the way to heaven smooth, and had been found a useful tool in keeping subjects in abject tyranny. Men's carnal mind relishes a religion like that of the apostate Church, which gives an opiate to conscience, while leaving the sinner license to indulge his lusts.
bewail her--A, B, C, Syriac, Coptic, and CYPRIAN omit "her."
10 God's judgments inspire fear even in the worldly, but it is of short duration, for the kings and great men soon attach themselves to the beast in its last and worst shape, as open Antichrist, claiming all that the harlot had claimed in blasphemous pretensions and more, and so making up to them for the loss of the harlot.
mighty--Rome in Greek means strength; though that derivation is doubtful.
11 shall--So. B. But A and C read the present, "weep and mourn."
merchandise--Greek, "cargo": wares carried in ships: ship-lading (compare
Rev 18:17). Rome was not a commercial city, and is not likely from her position to be so. The merchandise must therefore be spiritual, even as the harlot is not literal, but spiritual. She did not witness against carnal luxury and pleasure-seeking, the source of the merchants' gains, but conformed to them (
Rev 18:7). She cared not for the sheep, but for the wool. Professing Christian merchants in her lived as if this world not heaven, were the reality, and were unscrupulous as to the means of getting gain. Compare Notes, see on
Zech 5:4-
Zech 5:11, on the same subject, the judgment on mystical Babylon's merchants for unjust gain. All the merchandise here mentioned occurs repeatedly in the Roman Ceremonial.
12 (See on
Rev 17:4).
stones . . . pearls--Greek, "stone . . . pearl."
fine linen--A, B, and C read Greek, "bussinou" for "bussou," that is, "fine linen manufacture" [ALFORD]. The manufacture for which Egypt (the type of the apostate Church,
Rev 11:8) was famed. Contrast "the fine linen" (
Ezek 16:10) put on Israel, and on the New Testament Church (
Rev 19:8), the Bride, by God (
Ps 132:9).
thyine wood--the citrus of the Romans: probably the cypressus thyoyides, or the thuia articulata. "Citron wood" [ALFORD]. A sweet-smelling tree of Cyrene in Lybia, used for incense.
all manner vessels--Greek, "every vessel," or "furniture."
13 cinnamon--designed by God for better purposes: being an ingredient in the holy anointing oil, and a plant in the garden of the Beloved (
Song 4:14); but desecrated to vile uses by the adulteress (
Pro 7:17).
odours--of incense. A, C, Vulgate, and Syriac prefix "and amomium" (a precious hair ointment made from an Asiatic shrub). English Version reading is supported by Coptic and ANDREAS, but not oldest manuscripts.
ointments--Greek, "ointment."
frankincense--Contrast the true "incense" which God loves (
Ps 141:2;
Mal 1:11).
fine flour--the similago of the Latins [ALFORD].
beasts--of burden: cattle.
slaves--Greek, "bodies."
souls of men-- (
Ezek 27:13). Said of slaves. Appropriate to the spiritual harlot, apostate Christendom, especially Rome, which has so often enslaved both bodies and souls of men. Though the New Testament does not directly forbid slavery, which would, in the then state of the world, have incited a slave revolt, it virtually condemns it, as here. Popery has derived its greatest gains from the sale of masses for the souls of men after death, and of indulgences purchased from the Papal chancery by rich merchants in various countries, to be retailed at a profit [MOSHEIM, III, 95, 96].
14 Direct address to Babylon.
the fruits that thy soul lusted after--Greek, "thy autumn-ripe fruits of the lust (eager desire) of the soul."
dainty--Greek, "fat": "sumptuous" in food.
goodly--"splendid," "bright," in dress and equipage.
departed--supported by none of our manuscripts. But A, B, C, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic read, "perished."
thou shalt--A, C, Vulgate, and Syriac read, "They (men) shall no more find them at all."
15 of these things--of the things mentioned,
Rev 18:12-
Rev 18:13.
which--"who."
made rich by--Greek, "derived riches from her."
stand afar off for the fear--(Compare
Rev 18:10).
wailing--Greek, "mourning."
16 And--so Vulgate and ANDREAS. But A, B, and C omit.
decked--literally, "glided."
stones . . . pearls--Greek, "stone . . . pearl." B and ANDREAS read "pearls." But A and C, "pearl."
17 is come to naught--Greek, "is desolated."
shipmaster--Greek, "steersman," or "pilot."
all the company in ships--A, C, Vulgate, and Syriac read, "Every one who saileth to a place" (B has ". . . to the place"), every voyager. Vessels were freighted with pilgrims to various shrines, so that in one month (A.D. 1300) two hundred thousand pilgrims were counted in Rome [D'AAUBIGNE, Histoire de la Reformation]: a source of gain, not only to the Papal see, but to shipmasters, merchants, pilots, &c. These latter, however, are not restricted to those literally "shipmasters," &c., but mainly refer, in the mystical sense, to all who share in the spiritual traffic of apostate Christendom.
18 when they saw--Greek, "horontes." But A, B, C, and ANDREAS read, Greek, "blepontes," "looking at." Greek, "blepo," is to use the eyes, to look: the act of seeing without thought of the object seen. Greek, "horao," refers to the thing seen or presented to the eyes [TITTMANN].
smoke--so B, C. But A reads "place."
What city is like--Compare the similar beast as to the beast,
Rev 13:4 : so closely do the harlot and beast approximate one another. Contrast the attribution of this praise to God, to whom alone it is due, by His servants (
Exod 15:11). MARTIAL says of Rome, "Nothing is equal to her;" and ATHENĆUS, "She is the epitome of the world."
19 wailing--"mourning."
that had ships--A, B, and C read, "that had their ships": literally, "the ships."
costliness--her costly treasures: abstract for concrete.
20 holy apostles--So C reads. But A, B, Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, and ANDREAS read, "Ye saints and ye apostles."
avenged you on her--Greek, "judged your judgment on (literally, exacting it from) her." "There is more joy in heaven at the harlot's downfall than at that of the two beasts. For the most heinous of all sin is the sin of those who know God's word of grace, and keep it not. The worldliness of the Church is the most worldly of all worldliness. Hence, Babylon, in Revelation, has not only Israel's sins, but also the sins of the heathen; and John dwells longer on the abominations and judgments of the harlot than on those of the beast. The term 'harlot' describes the false Church's essential character. She retains her human shape as the woman, does not become a beast: she has the form of godliness, but denies its power. Her rightful lord and husband, Jehovah-Christ, and the joys and goods of His house, are no longer her all in all, but she runs after the visible and vain things of the world, in its manifold forms. The fullest form of her whoredom is, where the Church wishes to be itself a worldly power, uses politics and diplomacy, makes flesh her arm, uses unholy means for holy ends, spreads her dominion by sword or money, fascinates men by sensual ritualism, becomes 'mistress of ceremonies' to the dignitaries of the world, flatters prince or people, and like Israel, seeks the help of one world power against the danger threatening from another" [AUBERLEN]. Judgment, therefore, begins with the harlot, as in privileges the house of God.
21 a--Greek, "one."
millstone--Compare the judgment on the Egyptian hosts at the Red Sea,
Exod 15:5,
Exod 15:10;
Neh 9:11, and the foretold doom of Babylon, the world power,
Jer 51:63-
Jer 51:64.
with violence--Greek, "with impetus." This verse shows that this prophecy is regarded as still to be fulfilled.
22 pipers--flute players. "Musicians," painters and sculptors, have desecrated their art to lend fascination to the sensuous worship of corrupt Christendom.
craftsman--artisan.
23 What a blessed contrast is
Rev 22:5, respecting the city of God: "They need no candle (just as Babylon shall no more have the light of a candle, but for a widely different reason), for the Lord God giveth them light."
candle--Translate as Greek, "lamp."
bridegroom . . . bride . . . no more . . . in thee--Contrast the heavenly city, with its Bridegroom, Bride, and blessed marriage supper (
Rev 19:7,
Rev 19:9;
Rev 21:2,
Rev 21:9;
Isa 62:4-
Isa 62:5).
thy merchants were--So most of the best authorities read. But A omits the Greek article before "merchants," and then translates, "The great men of . . . were thy merchants."
sorceries--Greek, "sorcery."
24 Applied by Christ (
Matt 23:35) to apostate Jerusalem, which proves that not merely the literal city Rome, and the Church of Rome (though the chief representative of the apostasy), but the WHOLE of the faithless Church of both the Old and New Testament is meant by Babylon the harlot; just as the whole Church (Old and New Testament) is meant by "the woman" (
Rev 12:1). As to literal city, ARINGHUS in BENGEL says, Pagan Rome was the "general shambles" for slaying the sheep of Jesus. FRED. SEYLER in BENGEL calculates that papal Rome, between A.D. 1540 and 1580, slew more than nine hundred thousand Protestants. Three reasons for the harlot's downfall are given: (1) The worldly greatness of her merchants, which was due to unholy traffic in spiritual things. (2) Her sorceries, or juggling tricks, in which the false prophet that ministers to the beast in its last form shall exceed her; compare "sorcerers" (
Rev 21:8;
Rev 22:15), specially mentioned among those doomed to the lake of fire. (3) Her persecution of (Old Testament) "prophets" and (New Testament) "saints."
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