1Běda pyšné koruně efraimských opilců a jejich vadnoucímu věnci z překrásných květin, který je na vrcholu velmi úrodného údolí, běda vrávorajícím z vína! 2Hle, silák a násilník přichází od Pána jako prudké krupobití, jako ničivý vichr, jako příval dravých spoust vody; silou sráží všechno k zemi. 3Nohama bude pošlapána pyšná koruna efraimských opilců. 4Vadnoucí věnec z překrásných květin, který je na vrcholu úrodného údolí, skončí jako raný fík před sklizní: sotva ho kdo uvidí, hned ho slupne, jak ho do ruky vezme. 5V ten den bude Hospodin zástupů nádhernou korunou, překrásným věncem zbytku svého lidu; 6duchem práva bude tomu, kdo sedí u soudu, a silou těm, kdo zatlačí boj k městské bráně. 7Ale i tihle vrávorají z vína a z opojného nápoje se potácejí: kněz i prorok vrávorají z opojného nápoje, jsou přemoženi vínem, potácejí se z opojného nápoje, jsou bez rozumu při vidění, blábolí při rozsudcích. 8Ano, všechny stoly jsou plny zvratků a výkalů, není čisté místo. 9Kohopak chce učit moudrosti? Komu vykládat poučení? Odstaveným od mléka? Odtrženým od prsů? 10Rozkaz a zase rozkaz, rozkaz a zase rozkaz, příkaz a zase příkaz, příkaz a zase příkaz, maličko tady, maličko tam. 11Ano, koktavým jazykem a cizí řečí bude Pán mluvit k tomuto lidu, 12jemuž řekl: „To je odpočinek – unavenému popřejte odpočinku, to je občerstvení“ – ale nechtěli slyšet. 13Proto dostanou Hospodinovo slovo: „Rozkaz a zase rozkaz, rozkaz a zase rozkaz, příkaz a zase příkaz, příkaz a zase příkaz, maličko tady, maličko tam,“ aby při chůzi padli naznak a byli rozdrceni, aby se zapletli a polapili. 14Proto slyšte Hospodinovo slovo, vy posměvači, kteří vládnete tomuto lidu, jenž je v Jeruzalémě! 15Řekli jste totiž: „Uzavřeli jsme smlouvu se smrtí a s podsvětím jsme si vyjednali: až se přižene svištící bič, nezasáhne nás, neboť jsme učinili lež svým útočištěm a v podvodu se kryjem.“ 16Proto tak praví Pán, Hospodin: „Hle, kladu na Siónu kámen jako základ, kámen spolehlivý, nárožní, vzácný, pevně zasazený. Nezakolísá, kdo v něj důvěřuje. 17Právo učiním měřicím provazem, spravedlnost olovnicí; krupobití odnese lživé útočiště a vody odplaví ochranu (klamu). 18Zruší se vaše smlouva se smrtí a vaše dohoda s podsvětím neobstojí. Až se přižene svištící bič, rozšlehá vás. 19Kdykoli se přižene, zasáhne vás, neboť se přižene každého jitra, ve dne i v noci, a jen s hrůzou pochopíte dané poučení.“ 20Ano, krátké je lůžko, nelze se natáhnout, úzká je přikrývka, nelze se přikrýt. 21Neboť Hospodin povstane jako na hoře Perasim, rozhněvá se jako v údolí Gibeonu, aby vykonal své dílo – své nové dílo, aby udělal svou práci – svou zvláštní práci. 22Nuže tedy, nežertujte, aby se vaše pouta neutáhla, neboť jsem slyšel od Pána, Hospodina zástupů, že zkáza je stanovena na celou zem. 23Nakloňte ucho a slyšte můj hlas, dejte pozor a slyšte mou řeč! 24Copak oráč každý den jen oře, aby zasel, jen podmítá a vláčí svou půdu? 25Když srovnal její povrch, nerozhazuje kopr, nerozsévá kmín, nezasévá pšenici i ječmen a špaldu na okraj pole? 26Jeho Bůh ho učí o tom, co je správné, cvičí ho v tom. 27Nemlátí se přece kopr mlátičkou, koly vozu se nejezdí po kmínu, ale kopr se vytlouká prutem a kmín holí. 28Či zrno na chléb se drtí na prach? Nikoli, nemlátí se věčně, ale zastaví se kolo vozu a kopyto dobytka nerozdrtí zrno na prach. 29I to pochází od Hospodina zástupů; dává podivuhodné rady, zvětšuje moudrost.
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 (Isa. 28:1-29)
crown of pride--Hebrew for "proud crown of the drunkards," &c. [HORSLEY], namely, Samaria, the capital of Ephraim, or Israel. "Drunkards," literally (
Isa 28:7-
Isa 28:8;
Isa 5:11,
Isa 5:22;
Amos 4:1;
Amos 6:1-
Amos 6:6) and metaphorically, like drunkards, rushing on to their own destruction.
beauty . . . flower--"whose glorious beauty or ornament is a fading flower." Carrying on the image of "drunkards"; it was the custom at feasts to wreathe the brow with flowers; so Samaria, "which is (not as English Version, 'which are') upon the head of the fertile valley," that is, situated on a hill surrounded with the rich valleys as a garland (
1Kgs 16:24); but the garland is "fading," as garlands often do, because Ephraim is now close to ruin (compare
Isa 16:8); fulfilled 721 B.C. (
2Kgs 17:6,
2Kgs 17:24).
2 strong one--the Assyrian (
Isa 10:5).
cast down--namely, Ephraim (
Isa 28:1) and Samaria, its crown.
with . . . hand--with violence (
Isa 8:11).
3 crown . . . the drunkards--rather, "the crown of the drunkards."
4 Rather, "the fading flower, their glorious beauty (
Isa 28:1), which is on the head of the fat (fertile) valley, shall be as the early fig" [G. V. SMITH]. Figs usually ripened in August; but earlier ones (Hebrew bikkurah, Spanish bokkore) in June, and were regarded as a delicacy (
Jer 24:2;
Hos 9:10;
Mic 7:1).
while it is yet--that is, immediately, without delay; describing the eagerness of the Assyrian Shalmaneser, not merely to conquer, but to destroy utterly Samaria; whereas other conquered cities were often spared.
5 The prophet now turns to Judah; a gracious promise to the remnant ("residue"); a warning lest through like sins Judah should share the fate of Samaria.
crown--in antithesis to the "fading crown" of Ephraim (
Isa 28:1,
Isa 28:3).
the residue--primarily, Judah, in the prosperous reign of Hezekiah (
2Kgs 18:7), antitypically, the elect of God; as He here is called their "crown and diadem," so are they called His (
Isa 62:3); a beautiful reciprocity.
6 Jehovah will inspire their magistrates with justice, and their soldiers with strength of spirit.
turn . . . battle to . . . gate--the defenders of their country who not only repel the foe from themselves, but drive him to the gates of his own cities (
2Sam 11:23;
2Kgs 18:8).
7 Though Judah is to survive the fall of Ephraim, yet "they also" (the men of Judah) have perpetrated like sins to those of Samaria (
Isa 5:3,
Isa 5:11), which must be chastised by God.
erred . . . are out of the way--"stagger . . . reel." Repeated, to express the frequency of the vice.
priest . . . prophet--If the ministers of religion sin so grievously, how much more the other rulers (
Isa 56:10,
Isa 56:12)!
vision--even in that most sacred function of the prophet to declare God's will revealed to them.
judgment--The priests had the administration of the law committed to them (
Deut 17:9;
Deut 19:17). It was against the law for the priests to take wine before entering the tabernacle (
Lev 10:9;
Ezek 44:21).
9 Here the drunkards are introduced as scoffingly commenting on Isaiah's warnings: "Whom will he (does Isaiah presume to) teach knowledge? And whom will He make to understand instruction? Is it those (that is, does he take us to be) just weaned, &c.? For (he is constantly repeating, as if to little children) precept upon precept," &c.
line--a rule or law. [MAURER]. The repetition of sounds in Hebrew tzav latzav, tzav latzav, qav laqav, qav laquav, expresses the scorn of the imitators of Isaiah's speaking; he spoke stammering (
Isa 28:11). God's mode of teaching offends by its simplicity the pride of sinners (
2Kgs 5:11-12;
1Cor 1:23). Stammerers as they were by drunkenness, and children in knowledge of God, they needed to be spoken to in the language of children, and "with stammering lips" (compare
Matt 13:13). A just and merciful retribution.
11 For--rather, "Truly." This is Isaiah's reply to the scoffers: Your drunken questions shall be answered by the severe lessons from God conveyed through the Assyrians and Babylonians; the dialect of these, though Semitic, like the Hebrew, was so far different as to sound to the Jews like the speech of stammerers (compare
Isa 33:19;
Isa 36:11). To them who will not understand God will speak still more unintelligibly.
12 Rather, "He (Jehovah) who hath said to them."
this . . . the rest--Reference may be primarily to "rest" from national warlike preparations, the Jews being at the time "weary" through various preceding calamities, as the Syro-Israelite invasion (
Isa 7:8; compare
Isa 30:15;
Isa 22:8;
Isa 39:2;
Isa 36:1;
2Kgs 18:8). But spiritually, the "rest" meant is that to be found in obeying those very "precepts" of God (
Isa 28:10) which they jeered at (compare
Jer 6:16;
Matt 11:29).
13 But--rather, "Therefore," namely, because "they would not hear" (
Isa 28:12).
that they might go--the designed result to those who, from a defect of the will, so far from profiting by God's mode of instructing, "precept upon precept," &c., made it into a stumbling-block (
Hos 6:5;
Hos 8:12;
Matt 13:14).
go, and fall--image appropriately from "drunkards" (
Isa 28:7-
Isa 28:8, which they were) who in trying to "go forward fall backward."
14 scornful--(See on
Isa 28:9).
15 said--virtually, in your conduct, if not in words.
covenant--There may be a tacit reference to their confidence in their "covenant" with the Assyrians in the early part of Hezekiah's prosperous reign, before he ceased to pay tribute to them, as if it ensured Judah from evil, whatever might befall the neighboring Ephraim (
Isa 28:1). The full meaning is shown by the language ("covenant with death--hell," or sheol) to apply to all lulled in false security spiritually (
Ps 12:4;
Eccl 8:8;
Jer 8:11); the godly alone are in covenant with death (
Job 5:23;
Hos 2:18;
1Cor 3:22).
overflowing scourge--two metaphors: the hostile Assyrian armies like an overwhelming flood.
pass through--namely, through Judea on their way to Egypt, to punish it as the protector of Samaria (
2Kgs 17:4).
lies--They did not use these words, but Isaiah designates their sentiments by their true name (
Amos 2:4).
16 Literally, "Behold Me as Him who has laid"; namely, in My divine counsel (
Rev 13:8); none save I could lay it (
Isa 63:5).
stone--Jesus Christ; Hezekiah [MAURER], or the temple [EWALD], do not realize the full significancy of the language; but only in type point to Him, in whom the prophecy receives its exhaustive accomplishment; whether Isaiah understood its fulness or not (
1Pet 1:11-12), the Holy Ghost plainly contemplated its fulfilment in Christ alone; so in
Isa 32:1; compare
Gen 49:24;
Ps 118:22;
Matt 21:42;
Rom 10:11;
Eph 2:20.
tried--both by the devil (
Luke 4:1-
Luke 4:13) and by men (Luke 20:1-38), and even by God (
Matt 27:46); a stone of tested solidity to bear the vast superstructure of man's redemption. The tested righteousness of Christ gives its peculiar merit to His vicarious sacrifice. The connection with the context is, though a "scourge" shall visit Judea (
Isa 28:15), yet God's gracious purpose as to the elect remnant, and His kingdom of which "Zion" shall be the center, shall not fail, because its rests on Messiah (
Matt 7:24-
Matt 7:25;
2Tim 2:19).
precious--literally, "of preciousness," so in the Greek, (
1Pet 2:7). He is preciousness.
corner-stone-- (
1Kgs 5:17;
1Kgs 7:9;
Job 38:6); the stone laid at the corner where two walls meet and connecting them; often costly.
make haste--flee in hasty alarm; but the Septuagint has "be ashamed"; so
Rom 9:33, and
1Pet 2:6, "be confounded," substantially the same idea; he who rests on Him shall not have the shame of disappointment, nor flee in sudden panic (see
Isa 30:15;
Isa 32:17).
17 line--the measuring-line of the plummet. HORSLEY translates, "I will appoint judgment for the rule, and justice for the plummet." As the corner-stone stands most perpendicular and exactly proportioned, so Jehovah, while holding out grace to believers in the Foundation-stone, will judge the scoffers (
Isa 28:15) according to the exact justice of the law (compare
Jas 2:13).
hail--divine judgment (
Isa 30:30;
Isa 32:19).
18 disannulled--obliterated, as letters traced on a waxen tablet are obliterated by passing the stylus over it.
trodden down--passing from the metaphor in "scourge" to the thing meant, the army which treads down its enemies.
19 From the time, &c.--rather, "As often as it comes over (that is, passes through), it shall overtake you" [HORSLEY]; like a flood returning from time to time, frequent hostile invasions shall assail Judah, after the deportation of the ten tribes.
vexation . . . understand . . . report--rather, "It shall be a terror even to hear the mere report of it" [MAURER], (
1Sam 3:11). But G. V. SMITH, "Hard treatment (HORSLEY, 'dispersion') only shall make you to understand instruction"; they scorned at the simple way in which the prophet offered it (
Isa 28:9); therefore, they must be taught by the severe teachings of adversity.
20 Proverbial, for they shall find all their sources of confidence fail them; all shall be hopeless perplexity in their affairs.
21 Perazim--In the valley of Rephaim (
2Sam 5:18,
2Sam 5:20;
1Chr 14:11), there Jehovah, by David, broke forth as waters do, and made a breach among the Philistines, David's enemies, as Perazim means, expressing a sudden and complete overthrow.
Gibeon-- (
1Chr 14:16;
2Sam 5:25, Margin); not Joshua's victory (
Josh 10:10).
strange--as being against His own people; judgment is not what God delights in; it is, though necessary, yet strange to Him (
Lam 3:33).
work--punishing the guilty (
Isa 10:12).
22 mockers--a sin which they had committed (
Isa 28:9-
Isa 28:10).
bands--their Assyrian bondage (
Isa 10:27); Judah was then tributary to Assyria; or, "lest your punishment be made still more severe" (
Isa 24:22).
consumption--destruction (
Isa 10:22-
Isa 10:23;
Dan 9:27).
23 Calling attention to the following illustration from husbandry (
Ps 49:1-
Ps 49:2). As the husbandman does his different kinds of work, each in its right time and due proportion, so God adapts His measures to the varying exigencies of the several cases: now mercy, now judgments; now punishing sooner, now later (an answer to the scoff that His judgments, being put off so long, would never come at all,
Isa 5:19); His object being not to destroy His people any more than the farmer's object in threshing is to destroy his crop; this vindicates God's "strange work" (
Isa 28:21) in punishing His people. Compare the same image,
Jer 24:6;
Hos 2:23;
Matt 3:12.
24 all day--emphatic; he is not always ploughing: he also "sows," and that, too, in accordance with sure rules (
Isa 28:25).
doth he open--supply "always." Is he always harrowing?
25 face--the "surface" of the ground: "made plain," or level, by harrowing.
fitches--rather, "dill," or "fennel"; Nigella romana, with black seed, easily beaten out, used as a condiment and medicine in the East. So the Septuagint, "cummin" was used in the same way.
cast in . . . principal wheat--rather, plant the wheat in rows (for wheat was thought to yield the largest crop, by being planted sparingly [PLINY, Natural History, 18.21]); [MAURER]; "sow the wheat regularly" [HORSLEY]. But GESENIUS, like English Version, "fat," or "principal," that is, excellent wheat.
appointed barley--rather, "barley in its appointed place" [MAURER].
in their place--rather, "in its (the field's) border" [MAURER].
26 to discretion--in the due rules of husbandry; God first taught it to man (
Gen 3:23).
27 The husbandman uses the same discretion in threshing. The dill ("fitches") and cummin, leguminous and tender grains, are beaten out, not as wheat, &c., with the heavy corn-drag ("threshing instrument"), but with "a staff"; heavy instruments would crush and injure the seed.
cart wheel--two iron wheels armed with iron teeth, like a saw, joined together by a wooden axle. The "corn-drag" was made of three or four wooden cylinders, armed with iron teeth or flint stones fixed underneath, and joined like a sledge. Both instruments cut the straw for fodder as well as separated the corn.
staff--used also where they had but a small quantity of corn; the flail (
Ruth 2:17).
28 Bread corn--corn of which bread is made.
bruised--threshed with the corn-drag (as contrasted with dill and cummin, "beaten with the staff"), or, "trodden out" by the hoofs of cattle driven over it on the threshing-floor [G. V. SMITH], (
Deut 25:4;
Mic 4:13).
because--rather, "but" [HORSLEY]; though the corn is threshed with the heavy instrument, yet he will not always be thus threshing it.
break it--"drive over it (continually) the wheel" [MAURER].
cart--threshing-drag.
horsemen--rather, "horses"; used to tread out corn.
29 This also--The skill wherewith the husbandman duly adjusts his modes of threshing is given by God, as well as the skill (
Isa 28:26) wherewith he tills and sows (
Isa 28:24-
Isa 28:25). Therefore He must also be able to adapt His modes of treatment to the several moral needs of His creatures. His object in sending tribulation (derived from the Latin tribulum, a "threshing instrument,"
Luke 22:31;
Rom 5:3) is to sever the moral chaff from the wheat, not to crush utterly; "His judgments are usually in the line of our offenses; by the nature of the judgments we may usually ascertain the nature of the sin" [BARNES].
This chapter opens the series of prophecies as to the invasion of Judea under Sennacherib, and its deliverance.