1Jerubaalův syn Abimelek odešel do Sichemu k bratrům své matky a oslovil je i celý rod matčina otcovského domu těmito slovy: 2„Vyřiďte tedy, prosím vás, sichemským předákům: Co je pro vás lepší? Mít za pány sedmdesát lidí, všechny Jerubaalovy syny, nebo mít jen jednoho pána? Vzpomeňte si ostatně, že já jsem z vašich kostí a z vašeho masa!“ 3Právě jak to řekl, promluvili o něm bratři jeho matky ke všem sichemským předákům, a jejich srdce se k Abimelekovi naklonilo, neboť si říkali: „Je to náš bratr!“ 4Dali mu tedy sedmdesát šekelů stříbra z chrámu Baal-Berita a Abimelek jich užil k naverbování ničemů, dobrodruhů, kteří se k němu přidali. 5Potom se odebral do otcova domu v Ofře a pobil na jednom a témže kameni své bratry, Jerubaalovy syny, sedmdesát mužů. Nejmladší Jerubaalův syn Jotam nicméně unikl, protože se schoval. 6Potom se všichni sichemští předáci a celé Bet-Milo shromáždili a prohlásili poblíž Dubu stély, který je v Sichemu, Abimeleka za krále. 7Ohlásili to Jotamovi. On šel a postavil se na vrchol hory Garizim a hlasitě na ně volal: „Slyšte mě, sichemští předáci, aby vás slyšel Bůh! 8Jednoho dne se stromy vydaly na cestu, aby pomazaly krále, jenž by jim vládl. Řekly olivovníku: ‘Buď naším králem!’ 9Olivovník jim odpověděl: ‘Mám se snad zříci svého oleje, jenž vzdává čest bohům i lidem, a jít se kymácet nad stromy?’ 10Tu řekly stromy fíkovníku: ‘Pojď, ty buď naším králem!’ 11Fíkovník jim odpověděl: ‘Mám se snad zříci své sladkosti a svého skvělého ovoce a jít se kymácet nad stromy?’ 12Tu řekly stromy vinné révě: ‘Pojď, ty buď naším králem.’ 13Vinná réva jim odpověděla: ‘Mám se snad zříci svého vína, které blaží bohy i lidi, a jít se kymácet nad stromy?’ 14Tu řekly všechny stromy trnitému keři: ‘Pojď, ty buď naším králem!’ 15A trnitý keř stromům odpověděl: ‘Pomažete-li mě s dobrým úmyslem, abych vám vládl, přijďte se schovat do mého stínu. Jinak z trnitého keře vyšlehne oheň a stráví libanonské cedry!’ 16 Nuže tedy, jestliže jste jednali s dobrým úmyslem a zcela poctivě a králem jste učinili Abimeleka, jestliže jste se dobře zachovali vůči Jerubaalovi a jeho domu, jestliže jste s ním jednali, jak si zasluhoval za své činy - 17třebaže můj otec za vás bojoval, dával za vás v sázku život, vysvobodil vás z Madianovy ruky, 18vy jste dnes povstali proti domu mého otce, pobili jste na jednom a témže kameni jeho syny, sedmdesát mužů, a ustanovili jste nad sichemskými předáky za krále Abimeleka, syna jeho otrokyně, protože on je váš bratr! 19- jestliže jste tedy dnes jednali s dobrým úmyslem a zcela poctivě vůči Jerubaalovi a celému jeho domu, ať je Abimelek vaší radostí a vy radostí jeho! 20Jinak ať z Abimeleka vyšlehne oheň a stráví předáky ze Sichemu a z Bet-Mila a ať z předáků ze Sichemu a z Bet-Mila vyšlehne oheň a stráví Abimeleka!“ 21Potom se Jotam dal na útěk, zachránil se a odebral se do Beeru, kde se usadil, aby unikl svému bratru Abimelekovi. 22Abimelek panoval nad Izraelem tři roky. 23Potom Bůh seslal ducha nesváru mezi Abimeleka a sichemské předáky a sichemští předáci Abimeleka zradili. 24Stalo se to, aby byl pomstěn zločin spáchaný na sedmdesáti Jerubaalových synech a aby jejich krev padla na jejich bratra Abimeleka, který je pobil, a také na sichemské předáky, kteří mu pomáhali pobít jeho bratry. 25Sichemští předáci na něho tedy nastražili zálohy na vrcholku hor a olupovali každého, kdo se kolem nich ubíral po cestě. Abimelekovi to oznámili. 26Sichemem náhodou procházel Obedův syn Gaal v doprovodu svých bratrů a získal si důvěru sichemských předáků. 27Ti vyšli do polí, sklízeli své vinice, šlapali hrozny, pořádali radovánky a vešli do chrámu svého boha. Jedli tam a pili a zlořečili Abimelekovi. 28Tu Obedův syn Gaal vykřikl: „Kdo je Abimelek a co je Sichem, že my máme být jeho otroky? Nemá spíš Jerubaalův syn a jeho zástupce Zebul sloužit mužům Sichemova otce Chamora? Proč bychom byli otroky my? 29Kdo mi dá do rukou tento lid, abych vyhnal Abimeleka, a já bych mu řekl: Posilni své vojsko a vytáhni!“ 30Správce města Zebul se dozvěděl o řečech Obedova syna Gaala a rozhněvalo ho to. 31Vypravil tajně k Abimelekovi posly, aby mu vyřídili: „Hle, Obedův syn Gaal přišel se svými bratry do Sichemu a pobuřují město proti tobě. 32Proto v noci vstaň i s muži, které máš u sebe, a polož se do zálohy v polích, 33ráno potom při východu slunce vyrazíš a vyřítíš se na město. Až ti Gaal a muži, kteří jsou s ním, vytrhnou naproti, naložíš s nimi, jak budeš moci.“ 34Abimelek se tedy v noci vydal na cestu se všemi muži, které měl u sebe, a rozložili se ve čtyřech oddílech do zálohy naproti Sichemu. 35Právě když Obedův syn Gaal vyšel a zastavil se v městské bráně, vystoupil Abimelek a muži, kteří byli s ním, ze zálohy. 36Gaal uviděl ten oddíl a řekl Zebulovi: „Hle, nějací muži scházejí z vrcholu hory.“ - „To je stín těch hor,“ odpověděl mu Zebul, „a ty to pokládáš za muže.“ 37Gaal zase pokračoval: „Hle, nějací muži scházejí tam od Pupku země a další oddíl přichází cestou od Dubu věštců.“ 38Tu mu Zebul řekl: „Kam jsi dal jazyk? Tys přece říkal: ‘Kdo je Abimelek, že my máme být jeho otroky?’ Nejsou to ti muži, jimiž jsi pohrdal? Teď vyjdi a sveď s nimi bitvu.“ 39A Gaal vyšel v čele sichemských předáků a svedl s Abimelekem bitvu. 40Abimelek pronásledoval Gaala a on před ním uprchl a mnoho jeho mužů padlo, dříve než se dostali k bráně. 41Abimelek tedy zůstal v Arumě a Zebul vyhnal Gaala a jeho bratry a nedovolil jim, aby bydleli v Sichemu. 42Příštího dne vyšel lid do polí a Abimelek se to dozvěděl. 43Vzal své muže, rozdělil je na tři oddíly a položil se v polích do zálohy. Když viděl, že lidé vyšli z města, vyrazil na ně a rozsekal je na kusy. 44Zatímco Abimelek a oddíl, který byl s ním, vyrazili kupředu a postavili se ke vchodu do městské brány, druhé dva oddíly se vrhly na všechny, kdo byli v polích, a pobily je. 45Abimelek celý den útočil na město. Když je dobyl, pobil jeho obyvatele, město rozbořil a posypal je solí. 46Po této zprávě se odebrali všichni předáci z Migdal-Sichemu do sklepení El-Beritova chrámu. 47Jakmile se Abimelek dozvěděl, že se tam shromáždili všichni předáci z Migdal-Sichemu, 48vystoupil on i celé jeho vojsko na horu Salmon. Vzal do ruky sekeru, usekl jednu větev stromu, zvedl ji, dal si ji na rameno a řekl mužům, kteří ho doprovázeli: „Rychle udělejte po mně, co jste viděli, že dělám.“ 49Všichni jeho muži tedy začali sekat, každý jednu větev, pak šli za Abimelekem, naskládali větve na sklepení a zapálili je nad těmi, kdo byli uvnitř. Všichni obyvatelé Migdal-Sichemu, asi tisíc mužů a žen, rovněž zahynuli. 50Potom Abimelek táhl na Tebes, oblehl jej a dobyl. 51Uprostřed města byla opevněná věž, kam se uchýlili všichni muži a ženy a všichni předáci města. Zavřeli za sebou bránu a pak vystoupili na terasu věže. 52Abimelek se dostal až k věži a zaútočil na ni. Když se blížil k bráně věže, aby ji podpálil, 53hodila mu jedna žena na hlavu mlýnský kámen a rozrazila mu lebku. 54On hned zavolal mladíka, který mu nosil zbroj, a řekl mu: „Vytas meč a zabij mě, aby se o mně neříkalo: ‘Zabila ho žena.’“ Jeho zbrojnoš ho probodl a on zemřel. 55Když Izraelité viděli, že je Abimelek mrtev, vrátili se všichni domů. 56Takto Bůh způsobil, že na Abimeleka padlo zlo, které on způsobil svému otci, když povraždil svých sedmdesát bratrů. 57A Bůh rovněž způsobil, že na hlavy Sichemitů padla všechna jejich špatnost. Takto se na nich splnila kletba Jerubaalova syna Jotama.
Matthew Henry - Complete Commentary 1 We are here told by what arts Abimelech got into authority, and made himself great. His mother perhaps had instilled into his mind some towering ambitious thoughts, and the name his father gave him, carrying royalty in it, might help to blow up these sparks; and now that he has buried his father nothing will serve his proud spirit but he will succeed him in the government of Israel, directly contrary to his father's will, for he had declared
no son of his should rule over them. He had no call from God to this honour as his father had, nor was there any present occasion for a judge to deliver Israel as there was when his father was advanced; but his own ambition must be gratified, and its gratification is all he aims at. Now observe here,
I. How craftily he got his mother's relations into his interests. Shechem was a city in the tribe of Ephraim, of great note. Joshua had held his last assembly there. If that city would but appear for him, and set him up, he thought it would go far in his favour. There he had an interest in the family of which his mother was, and by them he made an interest in the leading men of the city. It does not appear that any of them had an eye to him as a man of merit, who had any thing to recommend him to such a choice, but the motion came first from himself. None would have dreamed of making such a one king, if he had not dreamed of it himself. And see here, 1. How he wheedled them into the choice,
Judg 9:2,
Judg 9:3. He basely suggested that Gideon having left seventy sons, who made a good figure and had a good interest, they were designing to keep the power which their father had in their hands, and by a joint-influence to reign over Israel. Now, says he, you had better have one king than more, than many, than so many. Affairs of state are best managed by a single person,
Judg 9:2. We have no reason to think that all or any of Gideon's sons had the least intention to reign over Israel (they were of their father's mind, that
the Lord should reign over them, and they were not called of him), yet this he insinuates to pave the way to his own pretensions. Note, Those who design ill themselves are commonly most apt to suspect that others design ill. As for himself, he only puts them in mind of his relation to them (
verbum sapienti -
A word to the wise is sufficient )
: Remember that I am your bone and your flesh. The plot took wonderfully. The magistrates of Shechem were pleased to think of their city being a royal city and the metropolis of Israel, and therefore they
inclined to follow him; for they said, He is our brother, and his advancement will be our advantage. 2. How he got money from them to bear the charges of his pretensions (
Judg 9:4):
They gave him seventy pieces of silver; it is not said what the value of these pieces was; so many shekels are less, and so many talents more, than we can well imagine; therefore it is supposed they were each a pound weight: but they gave this money out of the house of Baal-berith, that is, out of the public treasury, which, out of respect to their idol, they deposited in his temple to be protected by him; or out of the offerings that had been made to that idol, which they hoped would prosper the better in his hands for its having been consecrated to their god. How unfit was he to reign over Israel, because unlikely to defend them, who, instead of restraining and punishing idolatry, thus early made himself a pensioner to an idol! 3. What soldiers he enlisted. He hired into his service vain and light persons, the scum and scoundrels of the country, men of broken fortunes, giddy heads, and profligate lives; none but such would own him, and they were fittest to serve his purpose. Like leader like followers.
II. How cruelly he got his father's sons out of the way.
1. The first thing he did with the rabble he headed was to kill all his brethren at once, publicly and in cold blood, threescore and ten men, one only escaping, all slain upon one stone. See in this bloody tragedy, (1.) The power of ambition what beasts it will turn men into, how it will break through all the ties of natural affection and natural conscience, and sacrifice that which is most sacred, dear, and valuable, to its designs. Strange that ever it should enter into the heart of a man to be so very barbarous! (2.) The peril of honour and high birth. Their being the sons of so great a man as Gideon exposed them thus and made Abimelech jealous of them. We find just the same number of Ahab's sons slain together at Samaria,
2Kgs 10:1,
2Kgs 10:7. The grand seigniors have seldom thought themselves safe while any of their brethren have been unstrangled. Let none then envy those of high extraction, or complain of their own meanness and obscurity. The lower the safer.
2. Way being thus made for Abimelech's election, the men of Shechem proceeded to choose him king,
Judg 9:6. God was not consulted whether they should have any king at all, much less who it should be; here is no advising with the priest or with their brethren of any other city or tribe, though it was designed that he should reign over Israel,
Judg 9:22. But, (1.) The Shechemites, as if they were the people and wisdom must die with them, did all; they aided and abetted him in the murder of his brethren (
Judg 9:24), and then they
made him king. The men of Shechem (that is, the great men, the chief magistrates of the city), and the house of Millo (that is, the common-council, the
full house or
house of fulness, as the word signifies), those that met in their guildhall (we read often of the house of Millo, or state-house in Jerusalem, or the city of David,
2Sam 5:9;
2Kgs 12:20), these gathered together, not to prosecute and punish Abimelech for this barbarous murder, as they ought to have done, he being one of their citizens, but to
make him king. Pretium sceleris tulit hic diadema -
His wickedness was rewarded with a diadem. What could they promise themselves from a king that laid the foundation of his kingdom in blood? (2.) The rest of the Israelites were so very sottish as to sit by unconcerned. They took no care to give check to this usurpation, to protect the sons of Gideon, or to avenge their death, but tamely submitted to the bloody tyrant, as men who with their religion had lost their reason, and all sense of honour and liberty, justice and gratitude. How vigorously had their fathers appeared to avenge the death of the Levite's concubine, and yet so wretchedly degenerate are they now as not to attempt the avenging of the death of Gideon's sons; it is for this that they are charged with ingratitude (
Judg 8:35):
Neither showed they kindness to the house of Jerubbaal. 7 We have here the only testimony that appears to have been borne against the wicked confederacy of Abimelech and the men of Shechem. It was a sign they had provoked God to depart from them that neither any prophet was sent nor any remarkable judgment, to awaken this stupid people, and to stop the progress of this threatening mischief. Only Jotham, the youngest son of Gideon, who by a special providence escaped the common ruin of his family (
Judg 9:5), dealt plainly with the Shechemites, and his speech, which is here recorded, shows him to have been a man of such great ingenuity and wisdom, and really such an accomplished gentleman, that we cannot but the more lament the fall of Gideon's sons. Jotham did not go about to raise an army out of the other cities of Israel (in which, one would think, he might have made a good interest for his father's sake), to avenge his brethren's death, much less to set up himself in competition with Abimelech, so groundless was the usurper's suggestion that the sons of Gideon aimed at dominion (
Judg 9:2); but he contents himself with giving a faithful reproof to the Shechemites, and fair warning of the fatal consequences. He got an opportunity of speaking to them from the top of Mount Gerizim, the mount of blessings, at the foot of which probably the Shechemites were, upon some occasion or other, gathered together (Josephus says, solemnizing a festival), and it seems they were willing to hear what he had to say.
I. His preface is very serious:
Hearken unto me, you men of Shechem, that God may hearken unto you, Judg 9:7. As ever you hope to obtain God's favour, and to be accepted of him, give me a patient and impartial hearing. Note, Those who expect God to hear their prayers must be willing to hear reason, to hear a faithful reproof, and to hear the complaints and appeals of wronged innocency. If we
turn away our ear from hearing the law, our prayer will be an abomination, Prov 28:9.
II. His parable is very ingenious - that when the trees were disposed to choose a king the government was offered to those valuable trees the olive, the fig-tree, and the vine, but they refused it, choosing rather to serve than rule, to do good than bear sway. But the same tender being made to the bramble he accepted it with vain-glorious exultation. The way of instruction by parables is an ancient way, and very useful, especially to give reproofs by.
1. He hereby applauds the generous modesty of Gideon, and the other judges who were before him, and perhaps of the sons of Gideon, who had declined accepting the state and power of kings when they might have had them, and likewise shows that it is in general the temper of all wise and good men to decline preferment and to choose rather to be useful than to be great. (1.) There was no occasion at all for the trees to choose a king; they are all the
trees of the Lord which he has planted (
Pss 104:16) and which therefore he will protect. Nor was there any occasion for Israel to talk of setting a king over them; for
the Lord was their king. (2.) When they had it in their thoughts to choose a king they did not offer the government to the stately cedar, or the lofty pine, which are only for show and shade, and not otherwise useful till they are cut down, but to the fruit-trees, the vine and the olive. Those that bear fruit for the public good are justly respected and honoured by all that are wise more than those that affect to make a figure. For a good useful man some
would even dare to die. (3.) The reason which all these fruit-trees gave for their refusal was much the same. The olive pleads (
Judg 9:9),
Should I leave my wine, wherewith both God and man are served and honoured? for oil and wine were used both at God's altars and at men's tables. And
shall I leave my sweetness, saith the fig-tree, and my good fruit (
Judg 9:11),
and go to be promoted over the trees? or, as the margin reads it,
go up and down for the trees? It is intimated, [1.] That government involves a man in a great deal both of toil and care; he that is promoted over the trees must go up and down for them, and make himself a perfect drudge to business. [2.] That those who are preferred to places of public trust and power must resolve to forego all their private interests and advantages, and sacrifice them to the good of the community. The fig-tree must lose its sweetness, its sweet retirement, sweet repose, and sweet conversation and contemplation, if it go to be
promoted over the trees, and must undergo a constant fatigue. [3.] That those who are advanced to honour and dignity are in great danger of losing their fatness and fruitfulness. Preferment is apt to make men proud and slothful, and thus spoil their usefulness, with which in a lower sphere they honoured God and man, for which reason those that desire to do good are afraid of being too great.
2. He hereby exposes the ridiculous ambition of Abimelech, whom he compares to the bramble or thistle,
Judg 9:14. He supposes the trees to make their court to him:
Come thou and reign over us, perhaps because he knew not that the first motion of Abimelech's preferment came from himself (as we found,
Judg 9:2), but thought the Shechemites had proposed it to him; however, supposing it so, his folly in accepting it deserved to be chastised. The bramble is a worthless plant, not to be numbered among the trees, useless and fruitless, nay, hurtful and vexatious, scratching and tearing, and doing mischief; it began with the curse, and its end is to be burned. Such a one was Abimelech, and yet chosen to the government
by the trees, by all the trees; this election seems to have been more unanimous than any of the others. Let us not think it strange if we see
folly set in great dignity (
Qoh 10:6), and the
vilest men exalted (
Pss 12:8), and men blind to their own interest in the choice of their guides. The bramble, being chosen to the government, takes no time to consider whether he should accept it or no, but immediately, as if he had been born and bred to dominion, hectors, and assures them they shall find him as he found them. See what
great swelling words of vanity he speaks (
Judg 9:15), what promises he makes to his faithful subjects:
Let them come and trust in my shadow: a goodly shadow to trust in! How unlike to
the shadow of a great rock in a weary land, which a good magistrate is compared to!
Isa 32:2. Trust in his shadow! - more likely to be scratched if they came near him - more likely to be injured by him than benefited. Thus men
boast of a false gift. Yet he threatens with as much confidence as he promises: If you be not faithful,
let fire come out of the bramble (a very unlikely thing to emit fire) and
devour the cedars of Lebanon - more likely to catch fire, and be itself devoured.
III. His application is very close and plain. In it, 1. He reminds them of the many good services his father had done for them,
Judg 9:17. He fought their battles, at the hazard of his own life, and to their unspeakable advantage. It was a shame that they needed to be put in mind of this. 2. He aggravates their unkindness to his father's family. They had not
done to him according to the deserving of his hands, Judg 9:16. Great merits often meet with very ill returns. especially to posterity, when the benefactor if forgotten, as Joseph was among the Egyptians. Gideon had left many sons that were an honour to his name and family, and these they had barbarously murdered; one son he had left that was the blemish of his name and family, for he was
the son of his maid-servant, whom all that had any respect to Gideon's honour would endeavour to conceal, yet him they made their king. In both they put the utmost contempt imaginable upon Gideon. 3. He leaves it to the event to determine whether they had done well, whereby he lodges the appeal with the divine providence. (1.) If they prospered long in this villany, he would give them leave to say they had done well,
Judg 9:19. If your conduct towards the house of Gideon be such as can be justified at any bar of justice, honour, or conscience, much good may it do you with your new king. But, (2.) If they had, as he was sure they had, dealt basely and wickedly in this matter, let them never expect to prosper,
Judg 9:20. Abimelech and the Shechemites, that had strengthened one another's hands in this villany, would certainly be a plague and ruin one to another. Let none expect to do ill and fare well.
Jotham, having given them this admonition, made a shift to escape with his life,
Judg 9:21. Either they could not reach him or they were so far convinced that they would not add the guilt of his blood to all the rest. But, for fear of Abimelech, he lived in exile, in some remote obscure place. Those whose extraction and education are ever so high know not to what difficulties and straits they may be reduced.
22 Three years Abimelech reigned, after a sort, without any disturbance; it is not said, He judged Israel, or did any service at all to his country, but so long he enjoyed the title and dignity of a king; and not only the Shechemites, but many other places, paid him respect. They must have been fond of a king that could please themselves with such a one as this. But the triumphing of the wicked is short.
Within three years, as the years of a hireling, all this glory shall be contemned, and laid in the dust,
Isa 16:14. The ruin of these confederates in wickedness was from the righteous hand of the God to whom vengeance belongs.
He sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the Shechemites (
Judg 9:23), that is, they grew jealous one of another and ill-affected one to another. He slighted those that set him up, and perhaps countenanced other cities which now began to come into his interests more than he did theirs; and then they grew uneasy at his government, blamed his conduct, and quarrelled at his impositions. This was from God. He permitted the devil, that great mischief-maker, to sow discord between them, and he is
an evil spirit, whom God not only keeps under his check, but sometimes serves his own purposes by. Their own lusts were evil spirits; they are devils in men's own hearts; from them come wars and fightings. These God gave them up to, and so might be said to
send the evil spirits between them. When men's sin is made their punishment, though God is not the author of the sin, yet the punishment is from him. The quarrel God had with Abimelech and the Shechemites was for the murder of the sons of Gideon (
Judg 9:24):
That the cruelty done to them might come and their blood be laid as a burden
upon Abimelech that slew them, and the men of Shechem that helped him. Note, 1. Sooner or later God will make inquisition for blood, innocent blood, and will return it on the heads of those that shed it, who shall have blood given them to drink, for they are worthy. 2. Accessaries shall be reckoned with, as well as principals, in that and other sins. The Shechemites that countenanced Abimelech's pretensions, aided and abetted him in his bloody project, and avowed the fact by making him king after he had done it, must fall with him, fall by him, and fall first. 3. Those that combine together to do wickedly are justly dashed in pieces one against another. Blood cannot be a lasting cement to any interest.
I. The Shechemites began to affront Abimelech, perhaps they scarcely knew why or wherefore, but they were given to change. 1. They
dealt treacherously with him, Judg 9:23. It is not said, They repented of their sin in owning him. Had they done so, it would have been laudable to disown him; but they did it only upon some particular pique conceived against him by their pride or envy. Those that set him up were the first that deserted him and endeavoured to dethrone him. It is not strange that those who were ungrateful to Gideon were unfaithful to Abimelech; for what will hold those that will not be held by the obligation of such merits as Gideon's? Note, It is just with God that those who tempt others to be cone perfidious should afterwards be themselves betrayed by those whom they have taught to be perfidious. 2. They aimed to seize him when he was at Arumah (
Judg 9:41), his country-seat. Expecting him to come to town, they
set liers in wait for him (
Judg 9:25), who should make him their prisoner whom they had lately made their prince. Those who were thus posted, he not coming, took the opportunity of robbing travellers, which would help to make the people more and more uneasy under Abimelech, when they saw he could not or would not protect them from highway-men. 3. They entertained one Gaal, and set him up as their head in opposition to Abimelech,
Judg 9:26. This Gaal is said to be the son of
Ebed, which signifies
a servant, perhaps denoting the meanness of his extraction. As Abimelech was by the mother's side, so he by the father's, the son of a servant. Here was one bramble contesting with another. We have reason to suspect that this Gaal was a native Canaanite, because he courts the Shechemites into subjection to the men of Hamor, who was the ancient lord of this city in Jacob's time. He was a bold ambitious man, served their purpose admirably well when they were disposed to quarrel with Abimelech, and they also served his purpose; so he went over to them to blow the coals, and they
put their confidence in him. 4. They did all the despite they could to Abimelech's name,
Judg 9:27. They made themselves very merry in his absence, as those who were glad he was out of the way, and who, now that they had another to head them, were in hopes to get clear of him; nay, they
went into the house of their god, to solemnize their feast of in-gathering, and there
they did eat, and drink, and cursed Abimelech, not only said all the ill they could of him in their table-talk and the song of their drunkards, but wished all the ill they could to him over their sacrifices, praying to their idol to destroy him. They drank healths to his confusion, and with as loud huzzas as ever they had drunk them to his prosperity. That very temple whence they had fetched money to set him up with did they now meet in to curse him and contrive his ruin. Had they deserted their idol-god with their image-king, they might have hoped to prosper; but, while they still cleave to the former, the latter shall cleave to them to their ruin. How should Satan cast out Satan? 5. They pleased themselves with Gaal's vaunted defiance of Abimelech,
Judg 9:28,
Judg 9:29. They loved to hear that impudent upstart speak scornfully, (1.) Of Abimelech, though calling him in disdain
Shechem, or
a Shechemite, he reflected upon their own city. (2.) Of his good father likewise, Gideon:
Is not he the son of Jerubbaal? So he calls him, perhaps in an impious indignation at his name and memory for throwing down the altar of Baal, turning that to his reproach which was his praise. (3.) Of his prime minister of state,
Zebul his officer, and ruler of the city. We may well be ashamed to serve them, and need not be afraid to oppose them. Men of turbulent ambitious spirits thus
despise dominion, and speak evil of dignities. Gaal aimed not to recover Shechem's liberty, only to change their tyrant:
O that this people were under my hand! What I would do! I would challenge Abimelech to try titles for the crown; and it should seem he desired his friends to send him word that he was ready to dispute it with him whenever he pleased:
Increase thy army, and come out. Do thy worst; let the point be determined by the sword. This pleased the Shechemites, who were now as sick of Abimelech as ever they had been fond of him. Men of no conscience will be men of no constancy.
II. Abimelech turned all his force upon them, and, in a little time, quite ruined them. Observe the steps of their overthrow.
1. The Shechemites' counsels were betrayed to Abimelech by Zebul his confidant, the ruler of the city, who continued hearty for him.
His anger was kindled (
Judg 9:30), and the more because Gaal had spoken slightly of him (
Judg 9:28), for perhaps, if he had complimented and caressed him now that things were in this ferment, he might have gained him to his interest; but he, being disobliged, sends notice to Abimelech of all that was said and done in Shechem against him,
Judg 9:31. Betrayers are often betrayed by some among themselves, and the cursing of the king is sometimes strangely carried by a bird of the air. He prudently advises him to come against the city immediately, and lose no time,
Judg 9:32,
Judg 9:33. He thinks it best that he should march his forces by night into the neighbourhood, surprise the city in the morning, and then make the best of his advantages. How could the Shechemites hope to speed in their attempt when the ruler of their city was in the interests of their enemy? They knew it, and yet took no care to secure him.
2. Gaal, that headed their faction, having been betrayed by Zebul, Abimelech's confidant, was most wretchedly bantered by him. Abimelech, according to Zebul's advice, drew all his forces down upon Shechem by night,
Judg 9:34. Gaal, in the morning, went out
to the gate (
Judg 9:35) to see what posture things were in, and to enquire, What news? Zebul, as a ruler of the city, met him there as a friend. Abimelech and his forces beginning to move towards the city, Gaal discovers them (
Judg 9:36), takes notice of their approach to Zebul that was standing with him, little thinking that he had sent for them and was now expecting them. Look, says he, do not I see a body of men coming down from the mountain towards us? Yonder they are, pointing to the place. No, no, says Zebul; thy eye-sight deceives thee; it is but
the shadow of the mountains which thou takest to be an army. By this he intended, (1.) To ridicule him, as a man of no sense or spirit, and therefore very unfit for what he pretended to, as a man that might easily be imposed upon and made to believe any thing, and that was so silly and so cowardly that he apprehended danger where there was none, and was ready to fight with a shadow. (2.) To detain him, and hold him in talk, while the forces of Abimelech were coming up, that thereby they might gain advantage. But when Gaal, being content to believe those he now saw to be but the shadow of the mountains (perhaps the mountains of Ebal and Gerizim, which lay close by the city), was undeceived by the discovery of two other companies that marched apace towards the city, then Zebul took another way to banter him, upbraiding him with what he had said but a day or two before, in contempt of Abimelech (
Judg 9:38):
Where is now thy mouth, that foul mouth of thine,
wherewith thou saidst, Who is Abimelech? Note, Proud and haughty people are often made in a little time to change their note, and to dread those whom they had most despised. Gaal had, in a bravado, challenged Abimelech to
increase his army and come out; but now Zebul, in Abimelech's name, challenges him:
Go out, and fight with them, if thou darest. Justly are the insolent thus insulted over.
3. Abimelech routed Gaal's forces that sallied out of the town,
Judg 9:39,
Judg 9:40. Gaal, disheartened no doubt by Zebul's hectoring him, and perceiving his interest weaker than he thought it was, though he marched out against Abimelech with what little force he had, was soon put to the worst, and obliged to retire into the city with great precipitation. In this action the Shechemites' loss was considerable:
Many were overthrown and wounded, the common effect of popular tumults, in which the inconsiderate multitude are often drawn into fatal snare by those that promise them glorious success.
4. Zebul that night expelled Gaal, and the party he had brought with him into Shechem, out of the city (
Judg 9:41), sending him to the place whence he came. For though the generality of the city continued still averse to Abimelech, as appears by the sequel of the story, yet they were willing to part with Gaal, and did not oppose his expulsion, because, though he had talked big, both his skill and courage had failed him when there was occasion for them. Most people judge of men's fitness for business by their success, and he that does not speed well is concluded not to do well. Well, Gaal's interest in Shechem is soon at an end, and he that had talked of removing Abimelech is himself removed, nor do we ever hear of him any more.
Exit Gaal -
Gaal retires. 5. Abimelech, the next day, set upon the city, and quite destroyed it, for their treacherous dealings with him. Perhaps Abimelech had notice of their expelling Gaal, who had headed the faction, with which they thought he would have been satisfied, but the crime was too keep to be thus atoned for, and his resentments were too keen to be pacified by so small an instance of submission, besides that it was more Zebul's act than theirs; by it their hands were weakened, and therefore he resolved to follow his blow, and effectually to chastise their treachery. (1.) He had intelligence brought him that the people of Shechem had come out
into the field, Judg 9:42. Some think into the field of business to plough and sow (having lately gathered in their harvest), or to perfect their harvest, for it was only their vintage that they had made an end of (
Judg 9:27), and then it intimates that they were secure. And because Abimelech had retired (
Judg 9:41) they thought themselves in no danger from him, and then the issue of it is an instance of sudden destruction coming upon those that cry, Peace and safety. Others think they went out into the field of battle; though Gaal was driven out, they would not lay down their arms, but put themselves into a posture for another engagement with Abimelech, in which they hoped to retrieve what they had lost the day before, (2.) He himself, with a strong detachment, cut off the communication between them and the city,
stood in the entering of the gate (
Judg 9:44), that they might neither make their retreat into the city nor receive any succours from the city, and then sent two companies of his men, who were too strong for them, and they put them all to the sword,
ran upon those that were in the fields and slew them. When we go out about our business we are not sure that we shall come home again; there are deaths both in the city and in the field. (3.) He then fell upon the city itself, and, with a rage reaching up to heaven, though it was the place of his nativity, laid it in ruins, slew all the people, beat down all the buildings, and, in token of his desire that it might be a perpetual desolation, sowed it with salt, that it might remain a lasting monument of the punishment of perfidiousness. Yet Abimelech prevailed not to make its desolations perpetual; for it was afterwards rebuilt, and became so considerable a place that all Israel came thither to make Rehoboam king,
1Kgs 12:1. And the place proved an ill omen. Abimelech intended hereby to punish the Shechemites for their serving him formerly in the murder of Gideon's sons. Thus, when God makes use of men as instruments in his hand to do his work, he means one thing and they another,
Isa 10:6,
Isa 10:7. They design to maintain their honour, but God to maintain his.
6. Those that retired into a strong-hold of their idol-temple were all destroyed there. These are called
the men of the tower of Shechem (
Judg 9:46,
Judg 9:47), some castle that belonged to the city, but lay at some distance from it. They, hearing of the destruction of the city, withdrew into a hold of the temple, trusting, it is likely, not so much to its strength as to its sanctity; they put themselves under the protection of their idol: for thus
all people will walk in the name of their god, and shall not we then choose to dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of our life? For
in the time of trouble he shall hide us in his pavilion, Pss 27:5. The
name of the Lord is a strong tower, Prov 18:10. But that which they hoped would be for their welfare proved to them a snare and a trap, as those will certainly find that run to idols for shelter; it will prove a refuge of lies. When Abimelech had them altogether penned up in that hold he desired no more. That barbarous project immediately came into his head of setting fire to the strong-hold, and, so to speak, burning all the birds together in the nest. He kept the design to himself, but set all his men on work to expedite the execution of it,
Judg 9:48,
Judg 9:49. He ordered them all to follow him, and do as he did: as his father had said to his men (
Judg 7:17),
Look on me, and do likewise; so saith he to his, as becomes a general that will not be wanting to give both the plainest direction and the highest encouragement that can be to his soldiers:
What you have seen me do make haste to do, as I have done. Not
Ite illuc -
Go thither; but
Venite huc -
Come hither. The officers in Christ's army should thus teach by their example,
Phili 4:9. He and they fetched each of them a bough from a wood not far off, laid all their boughs together under the wall of this tower, which it is probable was of wood, set fire to their boughs, and so burnt down their hold and all that were in it, who were either burnt or stifled with the smoke. What inventions men have to destroy one another! Whence come these cruel wars and fightings but from their lusts? Some think that the men of the tower of Shechem were the same with the house of Millo, and then Jotham's just imprecation was answered in the letter:
Let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour not only in general the men of Shechem, but in particular the house of Millo,
Judg 9:20. About 1000 men and women perished in these flames, many of whom, it is probable, were no way concerned in the quarrel between Abimelech and the Shechemites, nor meddled with either side, yet, in this civil war, they came to this miserable end; for men of factious turbulent spirits
perish not alone in their iniquity, but involve many more, that follow them in their simplicity, in the same calamity with them.
50 We have seen the ruin of the Shechemites completed by the hand of Abimelech; and now it comes to his turn to be reckoned with who was their leader in villany. Thebez was a small city, probably not far from Shechem, dependent upon it, and in confederacy with it. Now,
I. Abimelech attempted the destruction of this city (
Judg 9:50), drove all the inhabitants of the town into the castle, or citadel,
Judg 9:51. When he had them there he did not doubt but he should do the same execution here that he had lately done at the strong-hold of the temple of Baal-berith, not considering that the tower of an idol-temple lay more exposed to divine vengeance than any other tower. He attempted to set fire to this tower, at least to burn down the door, and so force an entrance,
Judg 9:52. Those who have escaped and succeeded well in one desperate attempt are apt to think the like attempt another time not desperate. This instance was long after quoted to show how dangerous it is to come near the call of a besieged city,
2Sam 11:20, etc. But God infatuates those whom he will ruin.
II. In the attempt he was himself destroyed, having his brains knocked out with a piece of a millstone,
Judg 9:57.
No doubt this man was a murderer, whom, though he had escaped the dangers of the war with Shechem, yet
vengeance suffered not to live, Acts 28:4.
Evil pursues sinners, and sometimes overtakes them when they are not only secure, but triumphant. Thebez, we may suppose, was a weak inconsiderable place, compared with Shechem. Abimelech, having conquered the greater, makes no doubt of being master of the less without any difficulty, especially when he had taken the city, and had only the tower to deal with; yet he lays his bones by that, and there is all his honour buried. Thus are the
mighty things of the world often confounded by the weakest and those things that are most made light of. See here what rebukes those are justly put under many times by the divine providence that are unreasonable in their demands of satisfaction for injuries received. Abimelech had some reason to chastise the Shechemites, and he had done it with a witness; but when he will carry his revenges further, and nothing will serve but that Thebez also must be sacrificed to his rage, he is not only disappointed there, but destroyed;
for verily there is a God that judges in the earth. Three circumstances are worthy of observation in the death of Abimelech: - 1. That he was slain with a stone, as he had slain his brethren all
upon one stone. 2. That he had his skull broken. Vengeance aimed at that guilty head which had worn the usurped crown. 3. That the stone was cast upon him by a woman,
Judg 9:53. He saw the stone come; it was therefore strange he did not avoid it, but, no doubt, this made it so much the greater mortification to him to see from what hand it came. Sisera died by a woman's hand and knew it not; but Abimelech not only fell by the hand of a woman but knew it, and, when he found himself ready to breathe his last, nothing troubled him so much as this, that it should be said, A woman slew him. See, (1.) His foolish pride, in laying so much to heart this little circumstance of his disgrace. Here was no care taken about his precious soul, no concern what would become of that, no prayer to God for his mercy; but very solicitous he is to patch up his shattered credit, when there is no patching his shattered skull. O let it never be said that such a mighty man as Abimelech was killed by a woman! The man was dying, but his pride was alive and strong, and the same vain-glorious humour that had governed him all along appears now at last.
Qualis vita, finis ita -
As was his life, such was his death. As God punished his cruelty by the manner of his death, so he punished his pride by the instrument of it. (2.) His foolish project to avoid this disgrace; nothing could be more ridiculous; his own servant must run him through, not to rid him the sooner out of his pain, but
that men say not, A woman slew him. Could he think that this would conceal what the woman had done, and not rather proclaim it the more? Nay, it added to the infamy of his death, for hereby he became a self-murderer. Better have it said,
A woman slew him, than that it should be said, His servant slew him by his own order; yet now both will be said of him to his everlasting reproach. And it is observable that this very thing which Abimelech was in such care to conceal appears to have been more particularly remembered by posterity than most passages of his history; for Joab speaks of it as that which he expected David would reproach him with, for coming so
nigh the wall, 2Sam 11:21. The ignominy we seek to avoid by sin we do but perpetuate the remembrance of.
III. The issue of all is that Abimelech being slain, 1. Israel's peace was restored, and an end was put to this civil war; for those that followed him
departed every man to his place, Judg 9:55. 2. God's justice was glorified (
Judg 9:56,
Judg 9:57):
Thus God punished
the wickedness of Abimelech, and of the men of Shechem, and fulfilled Jotham's curse, for it was not a
curse causeless. Thus he preserved the honour of his government, and gave warning to all ages to expect blood for blood.
The Lord is known by the judgments which he executes, when
the wicked is snared in the work of his own hands. Though wickedness may prosper awhile, it will not prosper always.
