1καιG2532{CONJ} οG3588{T-NSM} πεμπτοςG3991{A-NSM} αγγελοςG32{N-NSM} βεσαλπισεG4537{V-AAI-3S} ατσεσαλπισενG4537{V-AAI-3S} καιG2532{CONJ} ειδονG1492{V-2AAI-1S} αστεραG792{N-ASM} εκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} ουρανουG3772{N-GSM} πεπτωκοταG4098{V-RAP-ASM} ειςG1519{PREP} τηνG3588{T-ASF} γηνG1093{N-ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} εδοθηG1325{V-API-3S} αυτωG846{P-DSM} ηG3588{T-NSF} κλειςG2807{N-NSF} τουG3588{T-GSN} φρεατοςG5421{N-GSN} τηςG3588{T-GSF} αβυσσουG12{N-GSF} 2β[καιG2532{CONJ} ατσκαιG2532{CONJ} βηνοιξεG455{V-AAI-3S} ατσηνοιξενG455{V-AAI-3S} τοG3588{T-ASN} φρεαρG5421{N-ASN} τηςG3588{T-GSF} βαβυσσου]G12{N-GSF} ατσαβυσσουG12{N-GSF} καιG2532{CONJ} ανεβηG305{V-2AAI-3S} καπνοςG2586{N-NSM} εκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSN} φρεατοςG5421{N-GSN} ωςG5613{ADV} καπνοςG2586{N-NSM} καμινουG2575{N-GSF} βκαιομενηςG2545{V-PPP-GSF} ατσμεγαληςG3173{A-GSF} καιG2532{CONJ} αεσκοτωθηG4656{V-API-3S} τσβεσκοτισθηG4654{V-API-3S} οG3588{T-NSM} ηλιοςG2246{N-NSM} καιG2532{CONJ} οG3588{T-NSM} αηρG109{N-NSM} εκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} καπνουG2586{N-GSM} τουG3588{T-GSN} φρεατοςG5421{N-GSN} 3καιG2532{CONJ} εκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} καπνουG2586{N-GSM} εξηλθονG1831{V-2AAI-3P} ακριδεςG200{N-NPF} ειςG1519{PREP} τηνG3588{T-ASF} γηνG1093{N-ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} εδοθηG1325{V-API-3S} αυταιςG846{P-DPF} εξουσιαG1849{N-NSF} ωςG5613{ADV} εχουσινG2192{V-PAI-3P} εξουσιανG1849{N-ASF} οιG3588{T-NPM} σκορπιοιG4651{N-NPM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} γηςG1093{N-GSF} 4καιG2532{CONJ} ερρεθηG4483{V-API-3S} αυταιςG846{P-DPF} ιναG2443{CONJ} μηG3361{PRT-N} ααδικησουσινG91{V-FAI-3P} βαδικησωσιG91{V-AAS-3P} τσαδικησωσινG91{V-AAS-3P} τονG3588{T-ASM} χορτονG5528{N-ASM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} γηςG1093{N-GSF} ουδεG3761{ADV} πανG3956{A-ASN} χλωρονG5515{A-ASN} ουδεG3761{ADV} πανG3956{A-ASN} δενδρονG1186{N-ASN} ειG1487{COND} μηG3361{PRT-N} τουςG3588{T-APM} ανθρωπουςG444{N-APM} τσμονουςG3441{A-APM} οιτινεςG3748{R-NPM} ουκG3756{PRT-N} αβεχουσιG2192{V-PAI-3P} τσεχουσινG2192{V-PAI-3P} τηνG3588{T-ASF} σφραγιδαG4973{N-ASF} τουG3588{T-GSM} θεουG2316{N-GSM} επιG1909{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPN} μετωπωνG3359{N-GPN} τσβαυτωνG846{P-GPM} 5καιG2532{CONJ} εδοθηG1325{V-API-3S} ααυτοιςG846{P-DPM} τσβαυταιςG846{P-DPF} ιναG2443{CONJ} μηG3361{PRT-N} αποκτεινωσινG615{V-PAS-3P} αυτουςG846{P-APM} αλλG235{CONJ} ιναG2443{CONJ} αβασανισθησονταιG928{V-FPI-3P} ββασανισθωσιG928{V-APS-3P} τσβασανισθωσινG928{V-APS-3P} μηναςG3376{N-APM} πεντεG4002{A-NUI} καιG2532{CONJ} οG3588{T-NSM} βασανισμοςG929{N-NSM} αυτωνG846{P-GPF} ωςG5613{ADV} βασανισμοςG929{N-NSM} σκορπιουG4651{N-GSM} οτανG3752{CONJ} παισηG3817{V-AAS-3S} ανθρωπονG444{N-ASM} 6καιG2532{CONJ} ενG1722{PREP} ταιςG3588{T-DPF} ημεραιςG2250{N-DPF} εκειναιςG1565{D-DPF} ζητησουσινG2212{V-FAI-3P} οιG3588{T-NPM} ανθρωποιG444{N-NPM} τονG3588{T-ASM} θανατονG2288{N-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} αβουG3756{PRT-N} αβμηG3361{PRT-N} τσουχG3756{PRT-N} ευρησουσινG2147{V-FAI-3P} αυτονG846{P-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} επιθυμησουσινG1937{V-FAI-3P} αποθανεινG599{V-2AAN} καιG2532{CONJ} αφευγειG5343{V-PAI-3S} τσβφευξεταιG5343{V-FDI-3S} ατσοG3588{T-NSM} ατσθανατοςG2288{N-NSM} απG575{PREP} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} βοG3588{T-NSM} βθανατοςG2288{N-NSM} 7καιG2532{CONJ} ταG3588{T-NPN} ομοιωματαG3667{N-NPN} τωνG3588{T-GPF} ακριδωνG200{N-GPF} ομοιαG3664{A-NPN} ιπποιςG2462{N-DPM} ητοιμασμενοιςG2090{V-RPP-DPM} ειςG1519{PREP} πολεμονG4171{N-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} επιG1909{PREP} ταςG3588{T-APF} κεφαλαςG2776{N-APF} αυτωνG846{P-GPF} ωςG5613{ADV} στεφανοιG4735{N-NPM} ατσομοιοιG3664{A-NPM} ατσχρυσωG5557{N-DSM} βχρυσοιG5552{A-NPM} καιG2532{CONJ} ταG3588{T-NPN} προσωπαG4383{N-NPN} αυτωνG846{P-GPF} ωςG5613{ADV} προσωπαG4383{N-NPN} ανθρωπωνG444{N-GPM} 8καιG2532{CONJ} ειχονG2192{V-IAI-3P} τριχαςG2359{N-APF} ωςG5613{ADV} τριχαςG2359{N-APF} γυναικωνG1135{N-GPF} καιG2532{CONJ} οιG3588{T-NPM} οδοντεςG3599{N-NPM} αυτωνG846{P-GPF} ωςG5613{ADV} λεοντωνG3023{N-GPM} ησανG2258{V-IXI-3P} 9καιG2532{CONJ} ειχονG2192{V-IAI-3P} θωρακαςG2382{N-APM} ωςG5613{ADV} θωρακαςG2382{N-APM} σιδηρουςG4603{A-APM} καιG2532{CONJ} ηG3588{T-NSF} φωνηG5456{N-NSF} τωνG3588{T-GPF} πτερυγωνG4420{N-GPF} αυτωνG846{P-GPF} ωςG5613{ADV} φωνηG5456{N-NSF} αρματωνG716{N-GPN} ιππωνG2462{N-GPM} πολλωνG4183{A-GPM} τρεχοντωνG5143{V-PAP-GPM} ειςG1519{PREP} πολεμονG4171{N-ASM} 10καιG2532{CONJ} εχουσινG2192{V-PAI-3P} ουραςG3769{N-APF} ομοιαςG3664{A-APF} σκορπιοιςG4651{N-DPM} καιG2532{CONJ} κεντραG2759{N-APN} αβκαιG2532{CONJ} τσηνG2258{V-IXI-3S} ενG1722{PREP} ταιςG3588{T-DPF} ουραιςG3769{N-DPF} αυτωνG846{P-GPF} βεξουσιανG1849{N-ASF} βεχουσιG2192{V-PAI-3P} βτουG3588{T-GSM} τσκαιG2532{CONJ} ατσηG3588{T-NSF} ατσεξουσιαG1849{N-NSF} ατσαυτωνG846{P-GPF} αδικησαιG91{V-AAN} τουςG3588{T-APM} ανθρωπουςG444{N-APM} μηναςG3376{N-APM} πεντεG4002{A-NUI} 11τσκαιG2532{CONJ} βεχουσαιG2192{V-PAP-NPF} ατσεχουσινG2192{V-PAI-3P} ασεπG1909{PREP} τεφG1909{PREP} ατσαυτωνG848{F-GPF} βασιλεαG935{N-ASM} βεπG1909{PREP} βαυτωνG846{P-GPF} ατστονG3588{T-ASM} αγγελονG32{N-ASM} τηςG3588{T-GSF} αβυσσουG12{N-GSF} ονομαG3686{N-NSN} αυτωG846{P-DSM} εβραιστιG1447{ADV} βαββαδωνG3{N-PRI} ατσαβαδδωνG3{N-PRI} ατσκαιG2532{CONJ} ενG1722{PREP} βδεG1161{CONJ} τηG3588{T-DSF} ελληνικηG1673{A-DSF} ονομαG3686{N-NSN} εχειG2192{V-PAI-3S} απολλυωνG623{N-NSM} 12ηG3588{T-NSF} ουαιG3759{N-OI} ηG3588{T-NSF} μιαG1520{A-NSF} απηλθενG565{V-2AAI-3S} ιδουG2400{V-2AAM-2S} αβερχεταιG2064{V-PNI-3S} τσερχονταιG2064{V-PNI-3P} ετιG2089{ADV} δυοG1417{A-NUI} ουαιG3759{N-OI} μεταG3326{PREP} ταυταG5023{D-APN} 13καιG2532{CONJ} οG3588{T-NSM} εκτοςG1623{A-NSM} αγγελοςG32{N-NSM} βεσαλπισεG4537{V-AAI-3S} ατσεσαλπισενG4537{V-AAI-3S} καιG2532{CONJ} ηκουσαG191{V-AAI-1S} φωνηνG5456{N-ASF} μιανG1520{A-ASF} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPN} α[τεσσαρων]G5064{A-GPN} τσβτεσσαρωνG5064{A-GPN} κερατωνG2768{N-GPN} τουG3588{T-GSN} θυσιαστηριουG2379{N-GSN} τουG3588{T-GSN} χρυσουG5552{A-GSN} τουG3588{T-GSN} ενωπιονG1799{ADV} τουG3588{T-GSM} θεουG2316{N-GSM} 14αλεγονταG3004{V-PAP-ASM} τσβλεγουσανG3004{V-PAP-ASF} τωG3588{T-DSM} εκτωG1623{A-DSM} αγγελωG32{N-DSM} αβοG3588{T-NSM} αβεχωνG2192{V-PAP-NSM} τσοςG3739{R-NSM} τσειχεG2192{V-IAI-3S} τηνG3588{T-ASF} σαλπιγγαG4536{N-ASF} λυσονG3089{V-AAM-2S} τουςG3588{T-APM} τεσσαραςG5064{A-APM} αγγελουςG32{N-APM} τουςG3588{T-APM} δεδεμενουςG1210{V-RPP-APM} επιG1909{PREP} τωG3588{T-DSM} ποταμωG4215{N-DSM} τωG3588{T-DSM} μεγαλωG3173{A-DSM} ευφρατηG2166{N-DSM} 15καιG2532{CONJ} ελυθησανG3089{V-API-3P} οιG3588{T-NPM} τεσσαρεςG5064{A-NPM} αγγελοιG32{N-NPM} οιG3588{T-NPM} ητοιμασμενοιG2090{V-RPP-NPM} ειςG1519{PREP} τηνG3588{T-ASF} ωρανG5610{N-ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} β[εις]G1519{PREP} βτηνG3588{T-ASF} ημερανG2250{N-ASF} καιG2532{CONJ} μηναG3376{N-ASM} καιG2532{CONJ} ενιαυτονG1763{N-ASM} ιναG2443{CONJ} βαποκτεινωσιG615{V-PAS-3P} ατσαποκτεινωσινG615{V-PAS-3P} τοG3588{T-ASN} τριτονG5154{A-ASN} τωνG3588{T-GPM} ανθρωπωνG444{N-GPM} 16καιG2532{CONJ} οG3588{T-NSM} αριθμοςG706{N-NSM} αβτωνG3588{T-GPN} στρατευματωνG4753{N-GPN} τουG3588{T-GSN} βιππουG2462{N-GSM} ατσιππικουG2461{A-GSN} τσδυοG1417{A-NUI} τσβμυριαδεςG3461{A-NPM} αδισμυριαδεςG3461{A-NPF} μυριαδωνG3461{A-GPM} τσκαιG2532{CONJ} ηκουσαG191{V-AAI-1S} τονG3588{T-ASM} αριθμονG706{N-ASM} αυτωνG846{P-GPN} 17καιG2532{CONJ} ουτωςG3779{ADV} ειδονG1492{V-2AAI-1S} τουςG3588{T-APM} ιππουςG2462{N-APM} ενG1722{PREP} τηG3588{T-DSF} ορασειG3706{N-DSF} καιG2532{CONJ} τουςG3588{T-APM} καθημενουςG2521{V-PNP-APM} επG1909{PREP} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} εχονταςG2192{V-PAP-APM} θωρακαςG2382{N-APM} πυρινουςG4447{A-APM} καιG2532{CONJ} υακινθινουςG5191{A-APM} καιG2532{CONJ} θειωδειςG2306{A-APM} καιG2532{CONJ} αιG3588{T-NPF} κεφαλαιG2776{N-NPF} τωνG3588{T-GPM} ιππωνG2462{N-GPM} ωςG5613{ADV} κεφαλαιG2776{N-NPF} λεοντωνG3023{N-GPM} καιG2532{CONJ} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPN} στοματωνG4750{N-GPN} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} εκπορευεταιG1607{V-PNI-3S} πυρG4442{N-NSN} καιG2532{CONJ} καπνοςG2586{N-NSM} καιG2532{CONJ} θειονG2303{N-NSN} 18αβαποG575{PREP} τσυποG5259{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPM} τριωνG5140{A-GPM} αβπληγωνG4127{N-GPF} τουτωνG5130{D-GPM} απεκτανθησανG615{V-API-3P} τοG3588{T-NSN} τριτονG5154{A-NSN} τωνG3588{T-GPM} ανθρωπωνG444{N-GPM} βαποG575{PREP} ατσεκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSN} πυροςG4442{N-GSN} καιG2532{CONJ} τσεκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSM} καπνουG2586{N-GSM} καιG2532{CONJ} τσεκG1537{PREP} τουG3588{T-GSN} θειουG2303{N-GSN} τουG3588{T-GSN} εκπορευομενουG1607{V-PNP-GSN} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPN} στοματωνG4750{N-GPN} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} 19αβσηG3588{T-NSF} ταιG3588{T-NPF} γαρG1063{CONJ} αβσεξουσιαG1849{N-NSF} τεξουσιαιG1849{N-NPF} αβτωνG3588{T-GPM} τσαυτωνG846{P-GPM} αβιππωνG2462{N-GPM} ενG1722{PREP} τωG3588{T-DSN} στοματιG4750{N-DSN} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} βεστιG2076{V-PXI-3S} τεισινG1526{V-PXI-3P} ασεστινG2076{V-PXI-3S} αβσκαιG2532{CONJ} αβσενG1722{PREP} αβσταιςG3588{T-DPF} αβσουραιςG3769{N-DPF} αβσαυτωνG846{P-GPM} αιG3588{T-NPF} γαρG1063{CONJ} ουραιG3769{N-NPF} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} ομοιαιG3664{A-NPF} βοφεωνG3789{N-GPM} ατσοφεσινG3789{N-DPM} εχουσαιG2192{V-PAP-NPF} κεφαλαςG2776{N-APF} καιG2532{CONJ} ενG1722{PREP} αυταιςG846{P-DPF} βαδικουσιG91{V-PAI-3P} ατσαδικουσινG91{V-PAI-3P} 20καιG2532{CONJ} οιG3588{T-NPM} λοιποιG3062{A-NPM} τωνG3588{T-GPM} ανθρωπωνG444{N-GPM} οιG3739{R-NPM} ουκG3756{PRT-N} απεκτανθησανG615{V-API-3P} ενG1722{PREP} ταιςG3588{T-DPF} πληγαιςG4127{N-DPF} ταυταιςG3778{D-DPF} αουδεG3761{ADV} βσουG3756{PRT-N} τουτεG3777{CONJ} μετενοησανG3340{V-AAI-3P} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPN} εργωνG2041{N-GPN} τωνG3588{T-GPF} χειρωνG5495{N-GPF} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} ιναG2443{CONJ} μηG3361{PRT-N} απροσκυνησουσινG4352{V-FAI-3P} βπροσκυνησωσιG4352{V-AAS-3P} τσπροσκυνησωσινG4352{V-AAS-3P} ταG3588{T-APN} δαιμονιαG1140{N-APN} καιG2532{CONJ} αβταG3588{T-APN} ειδωλαG1497{N-APN} ταG3588{T-APN} χρυσαG5552{A-APN} καιG2532{CONJ} ταG3588{T-APN} αργυραG693{A-APN} β[καιG2532{CONJ} ατσκαιG2532{CONJ} ταG3588{T-APN} βχαλκα]G5470{A-APN} ατσχαλκαG5470{A-APN} καιG2532{CONJ} ταG3588{T-APN} λιθιναG3035{A-APN} καιG2532{CONJ} ταG3588{T-APN} ξυλιναG3585{A-APN} αG3739{R-APN} ουτεG3777{CONJ} βλεπεινG991{V-PAN} αδυνανταιG1410{V-PNI-3P} τσβδυναταιG1410{V-PNI-3S} ουτεG3777{CONJ} ακουεινG191{V-PAN} ουτεG3777{CONJ} περιπατεινG4043{V-PAN} 21καιG2532{CONJ} ουG3756{PRT-N} μετενοησανG3340{V-AAI-3P} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPM} φονωνG5408{N-GPM} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} ουτεG3777{CONJ} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPF} αφαρμακωνG5331{N-GPN} τσβφαρμακειωνG5331{N-GPF} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} ουτεG3777{CONJ} εκG1537{PREP} τηςG3588{T-GSF} πορνειαςG4202{N-GSF} αυτωνG846{P-GPM} ουτεG3777{CONJ} εκG1537{PREP} τωνG3588{T-GPN} κλεμματωνG2809{N-GPN} αυτωνG846{P-GPM}
Jamieson Fausset Brown Bible Commentary 1 THE FIFTH TRUMPET: THE FALLEN STAR OPENS THE ABYSS WHENCE ISSUE LOCUSTS. THE SIXTH TRUMPET. FOUR ANGELS AT THE EUPHRATES LOOSED. (Rev. 9:1-21)
The last three trumpets of the seven are called, from
Rev 8:13, the woe-trumpets.
fall--rather as Greek, "fallen." When John saw it, it was not in the act of falling, but had fallen already. This is a connecting link of this fifth trumpet with
Rev 12:8-
Rev 12:9,
Rev 12:12, "Woe to the inhabiters of the earth, for the devil is come down," &c. Compare
Isa 14:12, "How art thou fallen from heaven, Lucifer, son of the morning!"
the bottomless pit--Greek, "the pit of the abyss"; the orifice of the hell where Satan and his demons dwell.
3 upon--Greek, "unto," or "into."
as the scorpions of the earth--as contrasted with the "locusts" which come up from hell, and are not "of the earth."
have power--namely, to sting.
4 not hurt the grass . . . neither . . . green thing . . . neither . . . tree--the food on which they ordinarily prey. Therefore, not natural and ordinary locusts. Their natural instinct is supernaturally restrained to mark the judgment as altogether divine.
those men which--Greek, "the men whosoever."
in, &c.--Greek, "upon their forehead." Thus this fifth trumpet is proved to follow the sealing in
Rev 7:1-
Rev 7:8, under the sixth seal. None of the saints are hurt by these locusts, which is not true of the saints in Mohammed's attack, who is supposed by many to be meant by the locusts; for many true believers fell in the Mohammedan invasions of Christendom.
5 they . . . they--The subject changes: the first "they" is the locusts; the second is the unsealed.
five months--the ordinary time in the year during which locusts continue their ravages.
their torment--the torment of the sufferers. This fifth verse and
Rev 9:6 cannot refer to an invading army. For an army would kill, and not merely torment.
6 shall desire--Greek, "eagerly desire"; set their mind on.
shall flee--So B, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic read. But A and Aleph read, "fleeth," namely continually. In
Rev 6:16, which is at a later stage of God's judgments, the ungodly seek annihilation, not from the torment of their suffering, but from fear of the face of the Lamb before whom they have to stand.
7 prepared unto battle--Greek, "made ready unto war." Compare Note, see on
Joel 2:4, where the resemblance of locusts to horses is traced: the plates of a horse armed for battle are an image on a larger scale of the outer shell of the locust.
crowns-- (
Nah 3:17). ELLIOTT explains this of the turbans of Mohammedans. But how could turbans be "like gold?" ALFORD understands it of the head of the locusts actually ending in a crown-shaped fillet which resembled gold in its material.
as the faces of men--The "as" seems to imply the locusts here do not mean men. At the same time they are not natural locusts, for these do not sting men (
Rev 9:5). They must be supernatural.
8 hair of women--long and flowing. An Arabic proverb compares the antlers of locusts to the hair of girls. EWALD in ALFORD understands the allusion to be to the hair on the legs or bodies of the locusts: compare "rough caterpillars,"
Jer 51:27.
as the teeth of lions-- (
Joel 1:6, as to locusts).
9 as it were breastplates of iron--not such as forms the thorax of the natural locust.
as . . . chariots-- (
Joel 2:5-
Joel 2:7).
battle--Greek, "war."
10 tails like unto scorpions--like unto the tails of scorpions.
and there were stings--There is no oldest manuscript for this reading. A, B, Aleph, Syriac, and Coptic read, "and (they have) stings: and in their tails (is) their power (literally, 'authority': authorized power) to hurt."
11 And--so Syriac. But A, B, and Aleph, omit "and."
had--Greek, "have."
a king . . . which is the angel--English Version, agreeing with A, Aleph, reads the (Greek) article before "angel," in which reading we must translate, "They have as king over them the angel," &c. Satan (compare
Rev 9:1). Omitting the article with B, we must translate, "They have as king an angel," &c.: one of the chief demons under Satan: I prefer from
Rev 9:1, the former.
bottomless pit--Greek, "abyss."
Abaddon--that is, perdition or destruction (
Job 26:6;
Pro 27:20). The locusts are supernatural instruments in the hands of Satan to torment, and yet not kill, the ungodly, under this fifth trumpet. Just as in the case of godly Job, Satan was allowed to torment with elephantiasis, but not to touch his life. In
Rev 9:20, these two woe-trumpets are expressly called "plagues." ANDREAS OF CĆSAREA, A.D. 500, held, in his Commentary on Revelation, that the locusts mean evil spirits again permitted to come forth on earth and afflict men with various plagues.
12 Greek, "The one woe."
hereafter--Greek, "after these things." I agree with ALFORD and DE BURGH, that these locusts from the abyss refer to judgments about to fall on the ungodly immediately before Christ's second advent. None of the interpretations which regard them as past, are satisfactory.
Joel 1:2-
Joel 1:7;
Joel 2:1-
Joel 2:11, is strictly parallel and expressly refers (
Joel 2:11) to THE DAY OF THE LORD GREAT AND VERY TERRIBLE:
Joel 2:10 gives the portents accompanying the day of the Lord's coming, the earth quaking, the heavens trembling, the sun, moon, and stars, withdrawing their shining:
Joel 2:18,
Joel 2:31-
Joel 2:32, also point to the immediately succeeding deliverance of Jerusalem: compare also, the previous last conflict in the valley of Jehoshaphat, and the dwelling of God thenceforth in Zion, blessing Judah. DE BURGH confines the locust judgment to the Israelite land, even as the sealed in
Rev 7:1-
Rev 7:8 are Israelites: not that there are not others sealed as elect in the earth; but that, the judgment being confined to Palestine, the sealed of Israel alone needed to be expressly excepted from the visitation. Therefore, he translates throughout, "the land" (that is, of Israel and Judah), instead of "the earth." I incline to agree with him.
13 a voice--literally, "one voice."
from--Greek, "out of."
the four horns--A, Vulgate (Amiatinus manuscript), Coptic, and Syriac omit "four." B and CYPRIAN support it. The four horns together gave forth their voice, not diverse, but one. God's revelation (for example, the Gospel), though in its aspects fourfold (four expressing world-wide extension: whence four is the number of the Evangelists), still has but one and the same voice. However, from the parallelism of this sixth trumpet to the fifth seal (
Rev 6:9-
Rev 6:10), the martyrs' cry for the avenging of their blood from the altar reaching its consummation under the sixth seal and sixth trumpet, I prefer understanding this cry from the four corners of the altar to refer to the saints' prayerful cry from the four quarters of the world, incensed by the angel, and ascending to God from the golden altar of incense, and bringing down in consequence fiery judgments. Aleph omits the whole clause, "one from the four horns."
14 in, &c.--Greek, "epi to potamo"; "on," or "at the great river."
Euphrates--(Compare
Rev 16:12). The river whereat Babylon, the ancient foe of God's people was situated. Again, whether from the literal region of the Euphrates, or from the spiritual Babylon (the apostate Church, especially ROME), four angelic ministers of God's judgments shall go forth, assembling an army of horsemen throughout the four quarters of the earth, to slay a third of men, the brunt of the visitation shall be on Palestine.
15 were--"which had been prepared" [TREGELLES rightly].
for an hour, and a day, and a month, and a year--rather as Greek, "for (that is, against) THE hour, and day, and month, and year," namely, appointed by God. The Greek article (teen), put once only before all the periods, implies that the hour in the day, and the day in the month, and the month in the year, and the year itself, had been definitely fixed by God. The article would have been omitted had a sum-total of periods been specified, namely, three hundred ninety-one years and one month (the period from A.D. 1281, when the Turks first conquered the Christians, to 1672, their last conquest of them, since which last date their empire has declined).
slay--not merely to "hurt" (
Rev 9:10), as in the fifth trumpet.
third part--(See on
Rev 8:7-
Rev 8:12).
of men--namely, of earthy men,
Rev 8:13, "inhabiters of the earth," as distinguished from God's sealed people (of which the sealed of Israel,
Rev 7:1-
Rev 7:8, form the nucleus).
16 Compare with these two hundred million,
Ps 68:17;
Dan 7:10. The hosts here are evidently, from their numbers and their appearance (
Rev 9:17), not merely human hosts, but probably infernal, though constrained to work out God's will (compare
Rev 9:1-
Rev 9:2).
and I heard--A, B, Aleph, Vulgate, Syriac, Coptic, and CYPRIAN omit "and."
17 thus--as follows.
of fire--the fiery color of the breastplates answering to the fire which issued out of their mouths.
of jacinth--literally, "of hyacinth color," the hyacinth of the ancients answering to our dark blue iris: thus, their dark, dull-colored breastplates correspond to the smoke out of their mouths.
brimstone--sulphur-colored: answering to the brimstone or sulphur out of their mouths.
18 By these three--A, B, C, and Aleph read (apo for kupo), "From"; implying the direction whence the slaughter came; not direct instrumentality as "by" implies. A, B, C, Aleph also add "plagues" after "three." English Version reading, which omits it, is not well supported.
by the fire--Greek, "owing to the fire," literally, "out of."
19 their--A, B, C and Aleph read, "the power of the horses."
in their mouth--whence issued the fire, smoke, and brimstone (
Rev 9:17). Many interpreters understand the horsemen to refer to the myriads of Turkish cavalry arrayed in scarlet, blue, and yellow (fire, hyacinth, and brimstone), the lion-headed horses denoting their invincible courage, and the fire and brimstone out of their mouths, the gunpowder and artillery introduced into Europe about this time, and employed by the Turks; the tails, like serpents, having a venomous sting, the false religion of Mohammed supplanting Christianity, or, as ELLIOTT thinks, the Turkish pachas' horse tails, worn as a symbol of authority. (!) All this is very doubtful. Considering the parallelism of this sixth trumpet to the sixth seal, the likelihood is that events are intended immediately preceding the Lord's coming. "The false prophet" (as
Isa 9:15 proves), or second beast, having the horns of a lamb, but speaking as the dragon, who supports by lying miracles the final Antichrist, seems to me to be intended. Mohammed, doubtless, is a forerunner of him, but not the exhaustive fulfiller of the prophecy here: Satan will, probably, towards the end, bring out all the powers of hell for the last conflict (see on
Rev 9:20, on "devils"; compare
Rev 9:1-
Rev 9:2,
Rev 9:17-
Rev 9:18).
with them--with the serpent heads and their venomous fangs.
20 the rest of the men--that is, the ungodly.
yet--So A, Vulgate, Syriac, and Coptic. B and Aleph read, "did not even repent of," namely, so as to give up "the works," &c. Like Pharaoh hardening his heart against repentance notwithstanding the plagues.
of their hands-- (
Deut 31:29). Especially the idols made by their hands. Compare
Rev 13:14-
Rev 13:15, "the image of the beast"
Rev 19:20.
that they should not--So B reads. But A, C, and Aleph read "that they shall not": implying a prophecy of certainty that it shall be so.
devils--Greek, "demons" which lurk beneath the idols which idolaters worship.
21 sorceries--witchcrafts by means of drugs (so the Greek). One of the fruits of the unrenewed flesh: the sin of the heathen: about to be repeated by apostate Christians in the last days,
Rev 22:15, "sorcerers." The heathen who shall have rejected the proffered Gospel and clung to their fleshly lusts, and apostate Christians who shall have relapsed into the same shall share the same terrible judgments. The worship of images was established in the East in A.D. 842.
fornication--singular: whereas the other sins are in the plural. Other sins are perpetrated at intervals: those lacking purity of heart indulge in one perpetual fornication [BENGEL].
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