1Hospodin promluvil k Mojžíšovi v moábských stepích u Jordánu naproti Jerichu: 2Přikaž synům Izraele, aby dali Lévijcům ze svého dědičného vlastnictví města k bydlení. A také dejte Lévijcům pastviny okolo měst. 3Města budou pro ně k bydlení a jejich pastviny budou pro jejich dobytek, jejich stáda a pro všechna jejich zvířata. 4Městské pastviny, které dáte Lévijcům, budou sahat tisíc loket na všechny strany od městské zdi. 5Venku za městem odměříte dva tisíce loket na stranu východní, dva tisíce loket na stranu jižní, dva tisíce loket na stranu západní, dva tisíce loket na stranu severní a město bude uprostřed. To budou jejich městské pastviny. 6Města, která dáte Lévijcům, budou zahrnovat šest útočištných měst, která ustanovíte, aby tam mohl utéct vrah, a k nim přidáte dvaačtyřicet dalších měst. 7Všech měst, která dáte Lévijcům, bude osmačtyřicet; města sama a jejich pastviny. 8Co se týče měst, která dáte z vlastnictví synů Izraele, od velkého dáte více a od menšího dáte méně; každý dá ze svých měst Lévijcům podle svého dědictví, které obdrží. 9Hospodin promluvil k Mojžíšovi: 10Promluv k synům Izraele a řekni jim: Až projdete Jordánem do kenaanské země, 11zřídíte si města, která budou vašimi útočištnými městy, kam bude moci utéct vrah, který nedopatřením zabil člověka. 12Ta města vám budou útočištěm před mstitelem, takže vrah nezemře, dokud se nepostaví před pospolitostí k soudu. 13Toto jsou města, která ustanovíte: budete mít šest útočištných měst. 14Tři města ustanovíte na druhé straně Jordánu a tři města ustanovíte v kenaanské zemi; to budou útočištná města. 15Pro syny Izraele, pro hosta i pro příchozího mezi nimi bude těchto šest měst útočištěm, aby tam mohl utéct každý, kdo nedopatřením zabil člověka. 16Jestliže ho udeří železným předmětem, takže zemře, je vrahem; ten vrah bude jistě usmrcen. 17Jestliže ho udeří kamenem, kterým je možno usmrtit, a on skutečně zemře, je vrahem; ten vrah bude jistě usmrcen. 18Anebo jestliže ho udeří dřevěným předmětem, kterým je možno usmrtit, a on skutečně zemře, je vrahem; ten vrah bude jistě usmrcen. 19Vraha usmrtí krevní mstitel; jakmile ho potká, usmrtí ho. 20Jestliže někdo srazí někoho z nenávisti či na něj hodí něco se zlým úmyslem, takže zemře, 21anebo jej z nepřátelství udeří rukou, takže zemře, ten, kdo zabil, bude jistě usmrcen, je vrahem. Krevní mstitel toho vraha usmrtí, jakmile ho potká. 22Jestliže však někdo srazí někoho náhle bez nepřátelství či na něj hodí jakýkoliv předmět bez zlého úmyslu 23anebo na něj nechá z nepozornosti padnout jakýkoliv kámen, kterým je možno usmrtit, takže zemře, ačkoliv nebyl jeho nepřítelem a neusiloval o jeho zlo, 24tehdy bude pospolitost soudit mezi tím, kdo zabil, a krevním mstitelem podle těchto právních nařízení. 25Pospolitost vysvobodí vraha z ruky krevního mstitele a pospolitost jej přivede zpět do jeho útočištného města, kam utekl. V něm zůstane do smrti velekněze, který byl pomazán posvátným olejem. 26Jestliže však vrah vyjde z území svého útočištného města, kam utekl, 27a dopadne jej krevní mstitel mimo území jeho útočištného města, pokud krevní mstitel vraha zabije, není na něm krev, 28neboť vrah musí zůstat ve svém útočištném městě až do smrti velekněze a teprve po smrti velekněze se může vrátit do země svého vlastnictví. 29Toto bude vaše právní ustanovení pro všechna vaše pokolení ve všech vašich sídlech. 30Kdokoliv by zabil člověka, podle svědectví svědků bude ten vrah zabit. Jeden svědek nebude vypovídat proti člověku, aby byl usmrcen. 31Nevezmete výkupné za život vraha. Je to ničema vinný smrtí; jistě bude usmrcen. 32Nevezmete výkupné za toho, který utekl do svého útočištného města, aby se mohl vrátit a bydlet ve své zemi před smrtí velekněze. 33Neznesvětíte zemi, ve které jste, neboť krev znesvěcuje zemi a země nebude usmířena za krev, která v ní byla vylita, jinak než krví toho, kdo ji prolil. 34Neznečistíš zemi, ve které sídlíte, v níž já přebývám, neboť já Hospodin přebývám uprostřed synů Izraele.
Matthew Henry - Complete Commentary 1 The laws about the tithes and offerings had provided very plentifully for the maintenance of the Levites, but it was not to be thought, nor indeed was it for the public good, that when they came to Canaan they should all live about the tabernacle, as they had done in the wilderness, and therefore care must be taken to provide habitations for them, in which they might live comfortably and usefully. It is this which is here taken care of.
I. Cities were allotted them, with their suburbs,
Num 35:2. They were not to have any ground for tillage; they needed not to
sow, nor reap, nor gather into barns, for their heavenly Father fed them with the tithe of the increase of other people's labours, that they might the more closely attend to the study of the law, and might have more leisure to teach the people; for they were not fed thus easily that they might live in idleness, but that they might give themselves wholly to the business of their profession, and not be entangled in the affairs of this life. 1. Cities were allotted them, that they might live near together, and converse with one another about the law, to their mutual edification; and that in doubtful cases they might consult one another, and in all cases strengthen one another's hands. 2. These cities had suburbs annexed to them for their cattle (
Num 35:3), a thousand cubits from the wall was allowed them for out-houses to keep their cattle in, and then two thousand more for fields to graze their cattle in,
Num 35:4,
Num 35:5. Thus was care taken that they should not only live, but live plentifully, and have all desirable conveniences about them, that they might not be looked upon with contempt by their neighbours.
II. These cities were to be assigned them out of the possessions of each tribe,
Num 35:8. 1. That each tribe might thus make a grateful acknowledgment to God out of their real as well as out of their personal estates (for what was given to the Levites was accepted as given to the Lord) and thus their possessions were sanctified to them. 2. That each tribe might have the benefit of the Levites' dwelling among them, to
teach them the good knowledge of the Lord; thus that light was diffused through all parts of the country, and none were left to sit in darkness,
Deut 33:10,
They shall teach Jacob thy judgments. Jacob's curse on Levi's anger was,
I will scatter them in Israel, Gen 49:7. But that curse was turned into a blessing, and the Levites, by being thus scattered, were put into a capacity of doing so much the more good. It is a great mercy to a country to be replenished in all parts with faithful ministers.
III. The number allotted them was forty-eight in all, four out of each of the twelve tribes, one with another. Out of the united tribes of Simeon and Judah nine, out of Naphtali three, and four apiece out of the rest, as appears, Jos. 21. Thus were they blessed with a good ministry, and that ministry with a comfortable maintenance, not only in tithes, but in glebe-lands. And, though the gospel is not so particular as the law was in this matter, yet it expressly provides that he that is
taught in the word should
communicate unto him that teaches in all good things, Galat 6:6.
9 We have here the orders given concerning the cities of refuge, fitly annexed to what goes before, because they were all Levites' cities. In this part of the constitution there is a great deal both of good law and pure gospel.
I. Here is a great deal of good law, in the case of murder and manslaughter, a case of which the laws of all nations have taken particular cognizance. It is here enacted and provided, consonant to natural equity,
1. That wilful murder should be punished with death, and in that case no sanctuary should be allowed, no ransom taken, nor any commutation of the punishment accepted: The
murderer shall surely be put to death, Num 35:16. It is supposed to be done
of hatred (
Num 35:20), or
in enmity (
Num 35:21), upon a sudden provocation (for our Saviour makes rash anger, as well as malice prepense, to be murder,
Matt 5:21,
Matt 5:22), whether the person be murdered with an instrument of iron (
Num 35:16) or wood (
Num 35:18), or with a stone thrown at him (
Num 35:17,
Num 35:20); nay, if he smite him with his hand in enmity, and death ensue, it is murder (
Num 35:21); and it was an ancient law, consonant to the law of nature, that
whoso sheds man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed, Gen 9:6. Where wrong has been done restitution must be made; and, since the murderer cannot restore the life he has wrongfully taken away, his own must be exacted from him in lieu of it, not (as some have fancied) to satisfy the manes or ghost of the person slain, but to satisfy the law and the justice of a nation; and to be a warning to all others not to do likewise. It is here said, and it is well worthy the consideration of all princes and states,
that blood defiles not only the conscience of the murderer, who is thereby proved
not to have eternal life abiding in him (
1John 3:15), but also the land in which it is shed; so very offensive is it to God and all good men, and the worst of nuisances. And it is added that
the land cannot be cleansed from the blood of the murdered, but by the blood of the murderer,
Num 35:33. If murderers escape punishment from men, those that suffer them to escape will have a great deal to answer for, and God will nevertheless not suffer them to escape his righteous judgments. Upon the same principle it is provided that no satisfaction should be taken for the
life of a murderer (
Num 35:31):
If a man would give all the substance of his house to the judges, to the country, or to the avenger of blood, to atone for his crime, it must
utterly be contemned. The redemption of the life is so precious that it cannot be obtained by the
multitude of riches (
Pss 49:6-
Pss 49:8), which perhaps may allude to this law. A rule of law comes in here (which is a rule of our law in cases of treason only) that no man shall be put to death upon the testimony of one witness, but it was necessary there should be two (
Num 35:30); this law is settled in all capital cases,
Deut 17:6;
Deut 19:15. And,
lastly, not only the prosecution, but the execution, of the murderer, is committed to the next of kin, who, as he was to be the redeemer of his kinsman's estate if it were mortgaged, so he was to be the
avenger of his blood if he were murdered (
Num 35:19):
The avenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer, if he be convicted by the
notorious evidence of the fact, and he needed not to have recourse by a judicial process to the court of judgment. But if it were uncertain who the murderer was, and the proof doubtful, we cannot think that his bare suspicion, or surmise, would empower him to do that which the judges themselves could not do but upon the testimony of two witnesses. Only if the fact were plain then the next heir of the person slain might himself, in a just indignation, slay the murderer wherever he met him. Some think this must be understood to be after the lawful judgment of the magistrate, and so the Chaldee says, He shall slay him,
when he shall be condemned unto him by judgment; but it should seem, by
Num 35:24, that the judges interposed only in a doubtful case, and that if the person on whom he took vengeance was indeed the murderer, and a wilful murderer, the avenger was innocent (
Num 35:27), only, if it proved otherwise, it was at his peril. Our law allows an appeal to be brought against a murderer by the widow, or next heir, of the person murdered, yea, though the murderer have been acquitted upon an indictment; and, if the murderer be found guilty upon that appeal, execution shall be awarded at the suit of the appellant, who may properly be called
the avenger of blood. 2. But if the homicide was not voluntary, nor done designedly, if it was
without enmity, or lying in wait (
Num 35:22), not
seeing the person or not
seeking his harm (
Num 35:23), which our law calls chance-medley, or homicide
per infortunium -
through misfortune, in this case there were cities of refuge appointed for the manslayer to flee to. By our law this incurs a forfeiture of goods, but a pardon is granted of course upon the special matter found. Concerning the cities of refuge the law was, (1.) That, if a man killed another, in these cities he was safe, and under the protection of the law, till he had his trial
before the congregation, that is, before the judges in open court. If he neglected thus to surrender himself, it was at his peril; if the avenger of blood met him elsewhere, or overtook him loitering in his way to the city of refuge, and slew him, his blood was upon his own head, because he did not make use of the security which God had provided for him. (2.) If, upon trial, it were found to be willful murder, the city of refuge should no longer be a protection to him; it was already determined:
Thou shalt take him from my altar, that he may die, Exod 21:14. (3.) But if it were found to be by error or accident, and that the stroke was given without any design upon the life of the person slain or any other, then the man-slayer should continue safe in
the city of refuge, and the avenger of blood might not meddle with him,
Num 35:25. There he was to remain in banishment from his own house and patrimony
till the death of the high priest; and, if at any time he went out of that city or the suburbs of it, he put himself out of the protection of the law, and the avenger of blood, if he met him, might slay him,
Num 35:26-
Num 35:28. Now, [1.] By the preservation of the life of the man-slayer God would teach us that men ought not to suffer for that which is rather their unhappiness than their crime, rather the act of Providence than their own act, for
God delivered him into his hand, Exod 21:13. [2.] By the banishment of the man-slayer from his own city, and his confinement to the city of refuge, where he was in a manner a prisoner, God would teach us to conceive a dread and horror of the guilt of blood, and to be very careful of life, and always afraid lest by oversight or negligence we occasion the death of any. [3.] By the limiting of the time of the offender's banishment to the death of the high priest, an honour was put upon that sacred office. The high priest was to be looked upon as so great a blessing to his country that when he died their sorrow upon that occasion should swallow up all other resentments. The cities of refuge being all of them Levites' cities, and the high priest being the head of that tribe, and consequently having a peculiar dominion over these cites, those that were confined to them might properly be looked upon as his prisoners, and so his death must be their discharge; it was, as it were, at his suit that the delinquent was imprisoned, and therefore at his death it fell.
Actio moritur cum persona -
The suit expires with the party. Anisworth has another notion of it, That as the high priests, while they lived, by their service and sacrificing made atonement for sin, wherein they prefigured Christ's satisfaction, so, at their death, those were released that had been exiled for casual murder, which typified redemption in Israel. [4.] By the abandoning of the prisoner to the avenger of blood, in case he at any time went out of the limits of the city of refuge, they were taught to adhere to the methods which Infinite Wisdom prescribed for their security. It was for the honour of a remedial law that it should be so strictly observed. How can we expect to be saved if we neglect the salvation, which is indeed a great salvation!
II. Here is a great deal of good gospel couched under the type and figure of the cities of refuge; and to them the apostle seems to allude when he speaks of our
fleeing for refuge to the hope set before is (
Hebre 6:18), and being
found in Christ, Phili 3:9. We never read in the history of the Old Testament of any use made of these cities of refuge, any more than of other such institutions, which yet, no doubt, were made use of upon the occasions intended; only we read of those that, in dangerous cases, took hold of
the horns of the altar (
1Kgs 1:50;
1Kgs 2:28); for the altar, wherever that stood, was, as it were the capital
city of refuge. But the law concerning these cities was designed both to raise and to encourage the expectations of those who looked for redemption in Israel, which should be to those who were convinced of sin, and in terror by reason of it, as the cities of refuge were to the man-slayer. Observe, 1. There were several cities of refuge, and they were so appointed in several parts of the country that the man-slayer, wherever he dwelt in the land of Israel, might in half a day reach one or other of them; so, though there is but one Christ appointed for our refuge, yet, wherever we are, he is a refuge at hand, a very present help, for
the word is nigh us and Christ in the word. 2. The man-slayer was safe in any of these cities; so in Christ believers that flee to him, and rest in him, are protected from the wrath of God and the curse of the law.
There is no condemnation to those that are in Christ Jesus, Roma 8:1. Who shall condemn those that are thus sheltered? 3. They were all Levites' cities; it was a kindness to the poor prisoner that though he might not go up to the place where the ark was, yet he was in the midst of Levites, who would teach him the good knowledge of the Lord, and instruct him how to improve the providence he was now under. It might also be expected that the Levites would comfort and encourage him, and bid him welcome; so it is the work of gospel ministers to bid poor sinners welcome to Christ, and to assist and counsel those that through grace are in him. 4. Even strangers and sojourners, though they were not native Israelites, might take the benefit of these cities of refuge,
Num 35:15. So in Christ Jesus no difference in made between Greek and Jew; even the
sons of the stranger that by faith flee to Christ shall be safe in him. 5. Even the suburbs or borders of the city were a sufficient security to the offender,
Num 35:26,
Num 35:27. So there is virtue even in the hem of Christ's garment for the healing and saving of poor sinners. If we cannot reach to a full assurance, we may comfort ourselves in a good hope through grace. 6. The protection which the man-slayer found in the city of refuge was not owing to the strength of its walls, or gates, or bars, but purely to the divine appointment; so it is the word of the gospel that gives souls safety in Christ,
for him hath God the Father sealed. 7. If the offender was ever caught struggling out of the borders of his city of refuge, or stealing home to his house again, he lost the benefit of his protection, and lay exposed to the avenger of blood; so those that are in Christ must abide in Christ, for it is at their peril if they forsake him and wander from him.
Drawing back is to perdition.
